Azadirachtin A (Ref: N 3101) |
Last updated: 18/07/2024 |
(Also known as: azad; neem; salannin; azadirachtin; Margosa extract; neem oil; neem extract) |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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A potent tetranortriterpenoid botanical insecticide active against a wide range of insect pests. It also has some fungicidal properties | |
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Wide variety of insects including caterpillars, aphids, mites, armyworms, thrips, flies, miners and the colorado beetle | |
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Vegetables; Potatoes; Protected crops; Ornamentals | |
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- | |
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- | |
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Current | |
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- | |
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- |
UK regulatory status |
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Approved | ||
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31/08/2029 | ||
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None |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Germany/Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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31/01/2027 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Australia, USA, India |
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Chemical structure |
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Azadirachtin is a molecule with 16 chiral centres. Azadirachtin extracts are mainly comprised of azadirachtin A but other isomers (e.g. B, H & J) may also be present. | |
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C₃₅H₄₄O₁₆ | |
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CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CC(C2(COC3C2C14COC(C4C(C3O)(C)C56C7CC(C5(O6)C)C8(C=COC8O7)O)(C(=O)OC)O)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | |
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C/C=C(\C)/C(=O)O[C@H]1C[C@H]([C@]2(CO[C@@H]3[C@@H]2[C@]14CO[C@@]([C@H]4[C@]([C@@H]3O)(C)[C@@]56[C@@H]7C[C@H]([C@@]5(O6)C)[C@]8(C=CO[C@H]8O7)O)(C(=O)OC)O)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C | |
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FTNJWQUOZFUQQJ-NDAWSKJSSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C35H44O16/c1-8-15(2)24(38)49-18-12-19(48-16(3)36)32(26(39)43-6)13-46-21-22(32)31(18)14-47-34(42,27(40)44-7)25(31)29(4,23(21)37)35-20-11-17(30(35,5)51-35)33(41)9-10-45-28(33)50-20/h8-10,17-23,25,28,37,41-42H,11-14H2,1-7H3/b15-8+/t17-,18+,19-,20+,21-,22-,23-,25+,28+,29-,30+,31+,32+,33+,34+,35+/m1/s1 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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azadirachtin A | - |
General status |
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Insecticide, Fungicide, Acaricide | |
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Plant-derived substance | |
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Highly variable | |
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Many different substances in the plant extract including azadirachtin B, azadirachtin H & aflatoxins | |
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Natural | |
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Interrupts pests hormonal system. Disrupts insect mouting and will also smother and desiccate insects | |
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One of the components within the extract derived from the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) foliage or from Neem oil | |
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Isolated from Neem tree seed extracts | |
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Crop protection | |
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Wide variety of insects including caterpillars, aphids, mites, armyworms, thrips, flies, miners and the colorado beetle | |
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Vegetables; Potatoes; Protected crops; Ornamentals | |
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Suitable for use in all farming systems where approved for use in that country | |
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11141-17-6 | |
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- | |
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627 | |
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121701 | |
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5281303 | |
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720.71 | |
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- | |
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dimethyl (2aR,3S,4S,4aR,5S,7aS,8S,10R,10aS,10bR)-10-acetoxy-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(1aR,2S,3aS,6aS,7S,7aS)-6a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-3a,6a,7,7a-tetrahydro-2,7-methanofuro[2,3-b]oxireno[e]oxepin-1a(2H)-yl]-4-methyl-8-{[(2E)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy}octahydro-1H-naphtho[1,8a-c:4,5-b'c']difuran-5,10a(8H)-dicarboxylate | |
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dimethyl (2aR,3S,4S,4aR,5S,7aS,8S,10R,10aS,10bR)-10-(acetyloxy)octahydro-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methyl-8-[[(2E)-2-methyl-1-oxo-2-butenyl]oxy]-4-[(1aR,2S,3aS,6aS,7S,7aS)-3a,6a,7,7a-tetrahydro-6a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-2,7-methanofuro[2,3-b]oxireno[e]oxepin-1a(2H)-yl]-1H,7H-naphtho[1,8-bc:4,4a-cŒ]difuran-5,10a(8H)-dicarboxylate | |
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- | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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UNE | |
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Not applicable | |
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None identified | |
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Pale yellow to brown coloured powder | |
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Formulations |
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Azatin XL | OHP Inc. | ||||
Fortune Aza | Fortune Biotech Ltd. | |||||
Neemix | Certis | |||||
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Usually supplied as an emulsifiable concentrate and applied as a spray |
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2900 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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65000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Toluene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
92900 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
77900 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
75100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
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154 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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>200 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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58.3 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) (closed cup)3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
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9.77 X 1000 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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0.99 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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- | - | - | |||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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1.2 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 4 = Verified data |
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Not applicable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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No dissociation | |||||||||||
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3.60 X 10-10 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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1.00 X 10-08 | V2 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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Neutral soln: 211.5nm = 12145, 290nm = 70 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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56.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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4.76 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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26.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 1.7-25.0 days, DT₉₀ range 6.5-85 days; Other literature sources: DT₅₀ 26-29 days, pH 6, 19 °C (R3); 19.9-91.2 autoclave experiment (R3) | ||||||||||
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3.8 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.8-12.9 days, 3 field crops, various matrices, n=6 | ||||||||||
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3.6 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.8-9.9 days, 7 tree species, various matrices, n=7 | ||||||||||
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Stable | P2 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Stable | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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13 | P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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10.6 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderately fast | ||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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- |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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1.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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180 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Kd range 0.37-4.11 mL g⁻¹, Koc range 20.6-822 mL g⁻¹, Soils=3 | ||||||||||
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3.49 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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381.3 | ||||||||||
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0.92 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Kf range 2.3-5.07 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 75.2-875 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.73-0.93, Soils=4 | ||||||||||
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No |
Known soil and groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
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Desacetyl azadirachtin A Note: DT50 soil 9.6 days |
Azadirachtin H | - | 0.63 |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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1000 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
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- | - | |||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 1000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 1000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 480 g ha⁻¹ 28 Day |
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> 11.81 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | |||||||
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> 8.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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10.2 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Coccinella septempunctata Larva corr4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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59 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chrysoperla carnea Larva corr4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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>= 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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> 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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- | - | - |
Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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> 2.22 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.0047 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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> 0.00021 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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3.54 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.615 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.0016 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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> 5.76 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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> 0.72 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat 4 hr (whole body)5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.75 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=3005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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10 | A2 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) expert judgement2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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Negligible risk for proposed uses | |||||||||
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Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact | ||||||||||
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Health issues |
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Possible liver & thyroid toxicant Possible sensitising agent |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising | |||
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Health: H317 Environment: H400, H410 |
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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azadirachtin A | ||
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azadirachtine | ||
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Azadirachtin | ||
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azadirachtin | ||
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azadiractina | ||
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azadiractin | ||
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azadirachtyna | ||
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azadiraktin | ||
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azadiraktin |
Record last updated: | 18/07/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |