Spinosad (Ref: XDE 105) |
Last updated: 25/07/2024 |
(Also known as: DE 105; BBF 05897; GF-976) |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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An insecticide derived from naturally occurring soil fungi (naturalyte) used to control a range of insect pests | |
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Thrips; Gypsy moth; Leaf beetles; Tent caterpillars; Colorado potato beetle; Leafminers | |
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Onions & Leeks; Corn; Sweetcorn; Maize; Lettuce; Leafy vegetables; Potato; Aubergine; Pepper; Tomato; Celery; Fruit including grapes, cane fruits, berries, currants; Herbs & edible flowers | |
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Current | |
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1982, first identified; 1997, commercially introduced | |
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UK regulatory status |
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Approved | ||
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30/04/2029 | ||
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Check label - may vary with formulation |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Netherlands/France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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15/03/2025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Mexico, Australia, Morocco |
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Chemical structure |
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A chiral molecule. The technical material is a mixture of spinosyn A (50-95%) and spinosyn D. ( 5-50%) | |
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C₄₁H₆₅NO₁₀ (spinosyn A) + C₄₂H₆₇NO₁₀ (spinosyn D) | |
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CCC1CCCC(C(C(=O)C2=CC3C4CC(CC4C=CC3C2CC(=O)O1)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)OC6CCC(C(O6)C)N(C)C.CCC1CCCC(C(C(=O)C2=CC3C4CC(CC4C(=CC3C2CC(=O)O1)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)OC6CCC(C(O6)C)N(C)C | |
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CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C.CC[C@H]1CCC[C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)C2=C[C@H]3[C@@H]4C[C@@H](C[C@H]4C(=C[C@H]3[C@@H]2CC(=O)O1)C)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O5)C)OC)OC)OC)C)O[C@H]6CC[C@@H]([C@H](O6)C)N(C)C | |
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JFLRKDZMHNBDQS-SGSTVUCESA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C42H71NO9/c1-10-27-12-11-13-35(52-38-17-16-34(43(5)6)25(4)49-38)24(3)39(45)33-21-31-29(32(33)22-37(44)51-27)15-14-26-19-28(20-30(26)31)50-36-18-23(2)40(46-7)42(48-9)41(36)47-8/h23-36,38,40-42H,10-22H2,1-9H3 | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insecticide, Veterinary substance | |
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Micro-organism derived substance | |
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850 g kg⁻¹ - 50-95% spinosyn A & 5-50% spinosyn D | |
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EU dossier - None declared | |
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Natural | |
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Contact and stomach action. Acts by exciting the insect nervous system, leading to involuntary muscle contractions and paralysis. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blocker – Site I. | |
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Secondary metabolites of the Gram-positive soil bacterium Saccharoployspora spinosa | |
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Fermentation of the organism is followed by whole broth extraction | |
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Crop protection | |
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Thrips; Gypsy moth; Leaf beetles; Tent caterpillars; Colorado potato beetle; Leafminers | |
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Onions & Leeks; Corn; Sweetcorn; Maize; Lettuce; Leafy vegetables; Potato; Aubergine; Pepper; Tomato; Celery; Fruit including grapes, cane fruits, berries, currants; Herbs & edible flowers | |
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Suitable for use in all farming systems where approved for use in that country | |
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168316-95-8 | |
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434-300-1 | |
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636 | |
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110003 | |
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- | |
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731.98+745.98 | |
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mix of 50-95% (2R,3aS,5aR,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bR)-2-(6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-αL-mannopyranosyloxy)-13-(4-dimethylamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-β-D-erythropyranosyloxy)-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-14-methyl-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecine-7,15-dione and 50-5% (2S,3aR,5aS,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bS)-2-(6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyloxy)-13-(4-dimethylamino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-β-D-erythropyranosyloxy)-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16a,16b-hexadecahydro-4,14-dimethyl-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecine-7,15-dione | |
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2R,3aS,5aR,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bR)-2-((6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-13-(((2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl]oxy]-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-tetradecahydro-14-methyl-1H-as-indaceno[3,2-d]oxacyclododecin-7,15-dione mixture with (2S,3aR,5aS,5bS,9S,13S,14R,16aS,16bS)-2-[(6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-13-[[(2R,5S,6R)-5-(dimethylamino)tetrahydro-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-9-ethyl-2,3,3a,5a,5b,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,16a,16b-tetradecahydro-4,14-dimethyl-1H-as-indaceno(3,2-d)oxacyclododecin-7,15-dione | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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5 | |
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Not applicable | |
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Deraeocoris brevis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Liriomyza trifolii, Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua | |
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Technical substance is a white-grey crystalline solid | |
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Formulations |
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Spinoace 12SC | Dow AgroSciences | ||||
Entrust Naturalyte | Dow AgroSciences | |||||
Gladiator | Corteva Agriscience | |||||
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Often supplied as a soluble concentrate that is mixed with water and used as a spray |
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7.6 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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168000 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Acetone4 = Verified data |
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36900 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Ethyl acetate4 = Verified data |
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4480 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Hexane4 = Verified data |
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190000 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Methanol4 = Verified data |
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136 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
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225 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
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1.26 X 1004 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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4.1 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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Soluble | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.51 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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8.0 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Mean of protonated spinosyn A & D | |||||||||||
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1.00 X 10-02 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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1.89 X 10-07 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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41.5 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Degradation |
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14 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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15 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 4 = Verified data |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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3.3 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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More accurate data can be found under the separate synosad components - spinosyn A and spinosyn D | ||||||||||
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49 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.4-138 days, 4 field & undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=4 | ||||||||||
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2.34 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.2-4.0 days, 8 field grown crops, various matrices, n=11 | ||||||||||
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0.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | |||||||
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Spinosyn A: DT₅₀ 0.96 days at pH 7 and 25 °C distilled water, 0.18 days at pH 9.2 and 25 °C pond water; Spinosyn D: DT₅₀ 0.84 days at pH 7 and 25 °C distilled water, 0.18 days at pH 9.2 and 25 °C pond wate | ||||||||||
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Stable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable pH 5 and pH 7, DT₅₀ 200 days for spinosyn A and 259 days for spinosyn D at pH 9, all at 25 °C | ||||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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[Clemetine: No residue decay after 32 days in cold storage; Field study] |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 4 = Verified data |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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34600 | ||||||||||
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Other sources: Spinosad A 16400 mL g⁻¹, Spinosad D 20000 mL g⁻¹ (DW4). More accurate data can be found under the separate synosad components - spinosyn A and spinosyn D | ||||||||||
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Known soil metabolites |
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Major fraction | 0.216 | - | |||||
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Major fraction | 0.108 | - |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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9 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | |||||||
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10 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat Reproductive NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 2000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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> 5156 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos3 = Unverified data of known source |
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68.35 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 458 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.79 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Dose: 7.2 mg kg⁻¹ soil |
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0.0036 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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0.057 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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> 0.37 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Bombus terrestris5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
Literature LD₅₀ values range 0.37-17.2 µg bee⁻¹ | |||||||||||
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0.385 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Bombus terrestris4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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2.59 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Osmia bicornis4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
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1.25 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Megachile rotundata4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
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Contact | ||||||||||
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0.012 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Melipona quadrifasciata4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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Oral | ||||||||||
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> 28.4 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Coccinella septempunctata Larva4 = Verified data |
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> 106.2 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Chrysoperla carnea Larva4 = Verified data |
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0.37 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi3 = Unverified data of known source |
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8.54 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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27 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.22 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 1.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.0012 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.0016 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius 25 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.0585 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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10.6 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Lemna minor4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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6.1 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anabaena flos-aquae3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rabbit5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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> 5.18 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat 4 hr (nose only)5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.024 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.04 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rabbit SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.1-10.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified | |||||||||
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No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified May be absorbed into the body by ingestion |
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Rapid excretion around 90% in 168 hrs, primarily via faeces with extensive metabolism | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Health issues |
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Possible thyroid, spleen, liver & lymph nodes toxicant May cause inflammation of various organs |
Handling issues |
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Prevent generation of dust Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9 Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
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Health: H361f Environment: H400, H410 |
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III (Slightly hazardous) | |||
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UN3077 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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Spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad | ||
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spinosad |
Record last updated: | 25/07/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |