Acequinocyl

Acequinocyl	Last updated: 24/08/2024
(Also known as: kanemite)

SUMMARY

Acequinocyl is an acaricide. It is not highly soluble in water but is highly soluble in most organic solvents. It is volatile. It is not expected to leach to groundwater. It is not mobile and tends not to be persistence in soil or aquatic systems. It has a low mammalian toxicity and there is some concern regarding its potential for bioaccumulation. Acequinocyl is moderately toxic to birds, fish, honeybees and earthworms and highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Low alert: Non-persistent; GUS: Low leachability; Drainflow: Non-mobile; Potential for particle bound transport: Low	Ecotoxicity High alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: High; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: High	Human health Moderate alert: Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An unclassified acaricide effective against all mite development stages on, for example, ornamentals and top fruit

Example pests controlled

Mites including spider mites, spruce spider mite and red palm mite; Ticks

Example applications

Greenhouse crops; Ornamentals; Nursery crops; Fruits including strawberries, apples, pears, apricots, plums, grapes, citrus; Tree nuts; Pistachios

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1999, first introduced Japan and Korea

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

31/11/2029

UK LERAP status

None

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Netherlands

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

31/11/2024

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓		✓	✓			✓		✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

USA, Morocco

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₂₄H₃₂O₄

Canonical SMILES

CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=C(C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O)OC(=O)C

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

QDRXWCAVUNHOGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C24H32O4/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-17-21-22(26)19-15-13-14-16-20(19)23(27)24(21)28-18(2)25/h13-16H,3-12,17H2,1-2H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Acaricide, Insecticide

Substance groups

Quinone acaricide; Quinone insecticide

Minimum active substance purity

96%

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - None declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Mainly contact action but some via ingestion. Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitor - at Qo site.

CAS RN

57960-19-7

EC number

611-595-7

CIPAC number

760

US EPA chemical code

006329

PubChem CID

93315

CLP index number

606-144-00-6

Molecular mass

384.51

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

3-dodecyl-1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl acetate

IUPAC name

3-dodecyl-1,4-dihydro-1,4-dioxo-2-naphthyl acetate

CAS name

2-(acetyloxy)-3-dodecyl-1,4-naphthalenedione

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

20B

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Plutella xylostella

Physical state

Pale yellow to light brown powdery flakes

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Example products using this active

Kanemite

Formulation and application details

Foliar spray application

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

0.007

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

250000

Xylene

250000

Dichloroethane

29200

1-Octanol

6100

Methanol

Melting point (°C)

59.6

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

200

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.58 X 10⁰⁶

Calculated

Log P

6.2

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Soluble

Data type

Theoretically possible but residues not expected

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.13

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.69 X 10^-03

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

9.7 X 10^-02

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Acidic solution: 242nm = 16524, 248nm = 16989, 270nm = 13905, 335nm = 2836
Neutral solution: 242nm = 16582, 248nm = 16873, 270nm = 13207, 271nm = 2851
Basic solution: 232nm = 19055, 245nm = 13149, 275nm = 2172, 362nm = 8999

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

2.0

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

2.0

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

0.1

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

6.3

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 1.1-2.7 days, DT₉₀ 3.6-8.9 days; field studies DT₅₀ range 2-3 hours; Other sources: pH sensitive. DT₅₀ in alkaline soils < 2 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

1.6

Note

Perilla leaves, n=1

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

0.02

Fast

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

2.2

Non-persistent

Note

DT₅₀ pH sensitive: 74 days at pH 4, 67 minutes at pH 9

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

0.45

Fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

0.5

Fast

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

1027

Non-mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

66033

Notes and range

EU dossier K_d range 678-1620 mL g⁻¹, K_oc range 3390-123000 mL g⁻¹ (later dossier gives range as 39900-123000 mL g⁻¹), Soils=4

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

Non-mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

100666

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

1.00

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

5.35 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Estimated concentrations of chemicals with Koc values greater than 9995 ml g⁻¹ are beyond the scope of the regression data used in SCI-GROW development. If there are concerns for such chemicals, a higher tier groundwater exposure assessment should be considered, regardless of the concentration returned by SCI-GROW

Potential for particle bound transport index

Low

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Non-mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

1.21

Calculated using the Atkinson method, 12 hr

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

366

Threshold for concern

CT₅₀ (days)

0.7

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

2-dodecyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone

Major fraction

0.338

2-(1',2'-dioxotetradecyl)benzoic acid (Ref: AKM-18)

Major fraction

0.219

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

2-(carboxycarbonyl)benzoic acid
Note: Low risk to fish

CBAA

Surface Water

0.11

Phthalic acid

Plant

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4855

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1942

Anas platyrhynchos

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

> 847 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹

Coturnix japonica

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 5.25 kg ha⁻¹

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

280

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

315

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 100

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Low

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.52

Oncorhynchus mykiss 88 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 1.1

Danio rerio

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0039

Daphnia magna

High

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.00098

Daphnia magna

High

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.00093

Americamysis bahia

High

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 86.0

Chironomus riparius as EC₅₀

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

0.479

Chironomus riparius

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

Intermediate (class II)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4855

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 0.84

Rat 4 hr (aerosol nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.023

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.08

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.014

Dermal penetration studies (%)

16.7

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Exposure by any route is unlikely
Source: US EPA/A5

Occupational

Small risk of dermal short-term exposure
Risk of chronic exposure is low
Source: US EPA/A5

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Blood toxicant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H370, H317; H373
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

acequinocyl

French

acequinocyl

German

Acequinocyl

Danish

acequinocyl

Italian

acequinocil

Spanish

acequinocil

Greek

Polish

acekwinocyl

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	24/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242