Captan (Ref: SR 406) |
Last updated: 24/10/2024 |
(Also known as: captane; captab; ENT 26538) |
SUMMARY |
Captan is a dicarboximide fungicide used on fruit and other crops. It has a low aqueous solubility, is not volatile and is not generally expected to leach to groundwater considering its chemical properties. It is not usually persistent in soil or water systems. It has a low mammalian toxicity but is considered to be an eye and skin irritant. Some data sources also suggest captan is carcinogenic and may also cause endocrine issues. It has a low to moderate ecotoxicity for most aquatic and terrestrial species. |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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A dicarboximide fungicide widely used on fruit and other crops | |
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Seed rot; Damping-off; Grey mould; Berry rot; Spur blight; Brown rot; Leaf spot; Downy mildew; Bunch rot; Scab | |
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Fruit including apples, apricots, blueberries, blackberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries, nectarines, plums, peaches; Almonds; Grasses; Roses | |
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- | |
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Current | |
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1952, first reported |
UK regulatory status |
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Approved | ||
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31/07/2029 | ||
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Check label - may vary with formulation |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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15/11/2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Australia, USA, Morocco |
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Chemical structure |
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Isomeric | |
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C₉H₈Cl₃NO₂S | |
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C1C=CCC2C1C(=O)N(C2=O)SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl | |
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- | |
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LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C9H8Cl3NO2S/c10-9(11,12)16-13-7(14)5-3-1-2-4-6(5)8(13)15/h1-2,5-6H,3-4H2 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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captan | Unstated isomer |
General status |
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Fungicide, Other substance | |
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Bactericide, Biocide, Preservative | |
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Phthalimide fungicide | |
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910-930 g kg⁻¹ | |
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- | |
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Synthetic | |
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Non-systemic with protective and curative action. Multi-site activity. | |
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133-06-2 | |
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205-087-0 | |
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40 | |
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081301 | |
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8606 | |
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613-044-00-6 | |
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300.61 | |
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2-[(trichloromethyl)sulfanyl]-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione | |
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N-(trichloromethylthio)cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboximide | |
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3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-2-[(trichloromethyl)thio]-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione | |
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PAN Bad Actor | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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M04 | |
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- | |
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Dirty white powder |
Formulations |
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Usually supplied as wettable granules or powders that are mixed with water and applied as a spray |
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5.2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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40 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Hexane5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
4000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
9000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Xylene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
38000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
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174 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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173 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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3.16 X 1002 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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2.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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Insoluble | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||
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Regulatory data | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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1.68 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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Not applicable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
No dissociation | |||||||||||
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0.41 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility. If applied directly to plants, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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3.00 X 10-04 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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Neutral solution: 243nm = 312 Acidic solution: 243nm = 330 Basic solution: 286nm = 195, 343nm = 12.6 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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72.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 20°C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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0.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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0.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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3.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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2.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 0.44-1.09 days, DT₉₀ range 1.46-3.62 days, field studies DT₅₀ range 0.33-7.04 days USA | ||||||||||
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6.9 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 1.0-14.0 days, 8 field and undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=14 | ||||||||||
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1.9 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.9-2.5 days, 3 field and undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=3 | ||||||||||
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Stable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Stable | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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0.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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pH sensitive: 0.15 days at pH 5, 6 minutes at pH 9 | ||||||||||
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1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
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0.6 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Fast | ||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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200 | ||||||||||
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Measurement difficulties - EU dossier quotes literature values between 33-600 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
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No |
Fate indices |
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0.97 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2.59 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Low | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Moderately mobile | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1.5 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Calculated using the Atkinson method, 12 hr4 = Verified data |
Below the level of concern for long-range air transport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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140 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Whole fish5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2 | - |
Known soil metabolites |
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Major fraction | 0.251 | Adama verified | |||||
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Major fraction | 0.145 | Adama verified | |||||
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Major fraction (anaerobic) | 0.288 | Anaerobic; Adama verified | |||||
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Major fraction (anaerobic) | 0.216 | Anaerobic; Adama verified |
Known groundwater metabolites |
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Not relevant | - | - | ||||||
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Not relevant | - | - |
Other known metabolites |
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cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid | - | Water | - | ||||
3-hydroxy-4,5-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide | 3-OH THPI | Animal | - | ||||
5-hydroxy-4,5-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide | 5-OH THPI | Animal | - | ||||
4,5-epoxy-1,2-dicarboximide | THPI-epoxide | Animal; Plant | - | ||||
4,5-dihydroxy-1,2-dicarboximide | 4,5-diOH THPI | Animal | - | ||||
6-hydroxy-1-amido-2-carboxy-4,5-cyclohexene | 3-OH THP-amic acid). | Animal | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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60 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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- | - | |||||||||
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100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rabbit Reproductive NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1040 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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> 74.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Coturnix coturnix5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 259.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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6.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida corr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source Dose: Not stated |
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> 200 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | |||||||
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> 100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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269.7 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Osmia lignaria4 = Verified data |
Low | |||||||
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100.45 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Osmia lignaria4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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7.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chrysoperla carnea Larva5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi Adult4 = Verified data |
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7.2 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri Protonymph4 = Verified data |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.186 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.18 | J3 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) Oncorhynchus mykiss 3 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.67 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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7.1 | J4 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.56 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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12.7 | F2 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Lemna gibba 7 day2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Low | ||||||||
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1.18 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Raphidocelis subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 10 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Green algae population4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.67 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=1005 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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10 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Acute risk to consumer identified from top fruit but established MRLs will mitigate this risk | |||||||||
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Metabolised and excreted in the urine (~50%) and faeces (~33%) | G3 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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May cause contact dermatitis IARC Group 3 carcinogen - not classifiable; CLP data - suspected carcinogen; US EPA - probable human carcinogen Endocrine issues - Inhibition of estrogen action |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9 Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
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Health: H317, H318, H331, H351 Environment: H400 |
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U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard) | |||
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UN3077 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
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captan | ||
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captane | ||
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Captan | ||
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captan | ||
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captano | ||
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captan | ||
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captan | ||
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kaptan | ||
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kaptan | ||
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captan | ||
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Record last updated: | 24/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |