1,2-dichloropropane (Ref: ENT 15406 )

1,2-dichloropropane (Ref: ENT 15406 )	Last updated: 28/08/2024
(Also known as: propylene dichloride; 1,2-DCP; dichloro-1,2-propane; dichloropropane; PDC)

SUMMARY

Dichlorpropane is a multi-use substance with insecticidal and fungicidal activity. It is considered obsolete but may still be used in some countries. It is a volatile organic compound (VOC) which is highly soluble in water. It can be very persistent in soil systems depending on environmental conditions and it also has potential to leach to groundwater. 1,2-dichloropropane tends to have a moderate to low toxicity to biodiversity but there are considerable gaps in data. It is moderately toxic to mammals via the oral route and there are concerns regarding its potential to cause reproduction/developmental effects in humans. It is also a recognised irritant.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate High alert: Persistent; GUS: High leachability; Drainflow: Mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health High alert: Carcinogen; Endocrine disrupter; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Chemical with a range of agricultural applications including uses a soil fumigant to control nematodes and as an insecticide for stored grain.

Example pests controlled

Nematodes; Flour beetles; Grain beetles

Example applications

Agricultural crops; Stored grain

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Considered obsolete but may be available in some countries

Introduction & key dates

1925, first reported

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Not applicable

UK LERAP status

No UK approval for use

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Not applicable

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Not applicable

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Dichloropropane has four isomers (1,1-, 1,2, 1,3- and 1,4-1,2-dichloropropane). 1,2-dichloropropane tends to be the main one used in the agricultrual context and is itself chiral.existing in two enantiomeric forms (S- and R-)

Chemical formula

C₃H₆Cl₂

Canonical SMILES

CC(CCl)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

KNKRKFALVUDBJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C3H6Cl2/c1-3(5)2-4/h3H,2H2,1H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Insecticide, Nematicide, Other substance

Other bioactivity & uses

Solvent, Chemical intermediate

Substance groups

Organochloride insecticide; Fumigant insecticide; Fumigant nematicide

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Unknown

CAS RN

78-87-5

EC number

201-152-2

CIPAC number

674

US EPA chemical code

029002

PubChem CID

6564

CLP index number

602-020-00-0

Molecular mass

112.99

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

rac-(2R)-1,2-dichloropropane

IUPAC name

1,2-dichloropropane

CAS name

1,2-dichloropropane

Other status information

VOC

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Colourless liquid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Scott Speciality Gases

Example products using this active

Nematox
Dowfume EB-5

Formulation and application details

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

2700

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Miscible

Acetone

Miscible

Methanol

Melting point (°C)

-70.0

Freezing point

Boiling point (°C)

95.0

Degradation point (°C)

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.05 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.02

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Likely to be soluble

Data type

Based on chemical group

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.18

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

1.94 X 10⁰⁶

Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

285.74

Volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

700

Very persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

140

Persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

General literature states chemical is persistent with DT₅₀ longer than 7 wks. Other sources: 700 days (US3)

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

18.5

Slow

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Resistant to hydrolysis DT₅₀ 175-1400 days.

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Other data sources K_oc range 46-51 mL g⁻¹ (USDA)

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

4.94

Calculated

High leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

4.42 X 10⁰⁰

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1947

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

4240

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

280

Lepomis macrochirus

Low

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

23.5

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 9.3

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Moderate

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

24.8

Americamysis bahia

Moderate

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

50.0

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

1947

Rat

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

1100

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

14.0

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

List I

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Non-statutory WHO drinking water guideline 0.04 mg l⁻¹

UK EA QS database 2018

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Liver, blood, kidney and lung toxicant
Strong narcotic
CLP data - recognised human carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Flammable, explosive when mixed with air
Corrosive
Toxic and irritating gases may be generated in a fire
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 3

CLP classification 2013

Handling: H225
Health: H302, H332, H350

WHO Classification

Not classified: Obsolete (Not classified: Obsolete)

UN Number

UN1279

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging Group II (moderate danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

1,2-dichloropropane

French

1,2-dichloropropane

German

1,2-Dichlorpropan

Danish

1,2-dichloropropane

Italian

Spanish

1,2-dicloropropano

Greek

Polish

dwuchloropropan

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	28/08/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242