Chloropicrin |
Last updated: 28/08/2024 |
(Also known as: trichloronitromethane; chlorpicrine; PS) |
SUMMARY |
Chloropicrin is a fumigant insecticide and nematicide for use with a wide variety of crops. It is highly soluble in water and is highly volatile but tends not to be persistent in the environment. Chloropicrin demonstrates a moderate to high toxicity to most biodiversity. The main exception is that it is not considered to be a bee toxin. It has a moderate mammalian toxicity and is a potential skin, eye and respiratory tract irritant. |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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A preplant soil fumigant used to control soil borne fungi, diseases and nematodes | |
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Caterpillars; Aphids; Scale insects; Spidermites; Whiteflies; Nematodes | |
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Strawberries; Peppers; Onions; Curcubits; Tobacco; Tomatoes; Ornamentals; Nursery stock; Tree crops, Olives | |
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Published evidence is limited but use has been extensive. | |
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Current | |
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1848, first synthesised; 1908 reported |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Not applicable | ||
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- |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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USA, Australia, Morocco |
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Chemical structure |
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None | |
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CCl₃NO₂ | |
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C([N+](=O)[O-])(Cl)(Cl)Cl | |
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- | |
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LFHISGNCFUNFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/CCl3NO2/c2-1(3,4)5(6)7 | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insecticide, Nematicide | |
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Fumigant insecticide; Fumigant nematicide | |
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990 g kg⁻¹ | |
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EU dossier - None declared | |
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Synthetic | |
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Via vapour, exact mode of action is multi-site and non-specific | |
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76-06-2 | |
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200-930-9 | |
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298 | |
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081501 | |
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6423 | |
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610-001-00-3 | |
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164.37 | |
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trichloro(nitro)methane | |
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trichloronitromethane | |
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trichloronitromethane | |
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Potential groundwater contaminant; Marine Pollutant; Chemical subject to PIC regulations; PAN Bad Actor Chemical; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972 | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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8B | |
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Not applicable | |
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Sitophilus oryzae | |
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Colourless liquid |
Formulations |
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Fumigant. Vapour releasing products that are usually applied with specialised injection equipment or hand-operatated equipment for small areas |
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2021 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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500000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
500000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
500000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Xylene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
500000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Hexane5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
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Not applicable | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources freezes at -70 °C3 = Unverified data of known source |
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114 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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3.16 X 1002 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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2.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 25 °C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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- | - | - | |||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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1.66 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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Not applicable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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No dissociation | |||||||||||
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4.23 X 1006 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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3.44 X 1002 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Volatile | ||||||||
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Neutral solution: 203.7nm = 1648, 274nm = 32 Acidic solution: 204.4nm = 1512, 274.2nm = 28 Basic solution: 275nm = 33 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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71.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 20°C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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4.2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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4.2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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3.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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23.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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EU 2017 dossier Lab studies DT₅₀ 2.7-21.8 days, DT₉₀ range 2.7-89.3 days, Soils=8; Field study DT₅₀ 0.48-5.6 days 2 soils. Other sources: DT₅₀ 1.0 day (DW3) | ||||||||||
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1.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately fast | |||||||
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Stable | W4 W = French database provided by ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal. Dataset no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable pH 5 to pH 9 | ||||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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0.66 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Mobile | |||||||
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60.5 | ||||||||||
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0.91 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Kf range 0.414-1.15, Kfoc range 24.9-122 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.68-1.08, Soils=4 | ||||||||||
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No |
Fate indices |
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1.06 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2.38 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Low | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mobile | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1975.2 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Calculated using the Atkinson method, 12 hr4 = Verified data |
Substance of concern for long-range air transport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Low risk | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Based on LogP < 35 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low risk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Known soil metabolites |
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Minor fraction | - | Anaerobic | |||||
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Minor fraction | 0.03 | Anaerobic | |||||
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Minor fraction | - | - | |||||
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Major fraction | 0.174 | - |
Known groundwater metabolites |
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Relevant | - | - |
Other known metabolites |
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dichloro(methyl)hydroxylamine | - | Soil leachate | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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250 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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> 2.71 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat Reproductive NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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62.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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108 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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10.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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37.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: Chronic effect [Dose: field rate] Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect [Dose: 5 x field rate] Bacterial populations: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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> 100 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Apis mellifera4 = Verified data |
Low | |||||||
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> 12.2 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera Inhalation4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.0048 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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0.150 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.0025 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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0.030 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Americamysis bahia3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.014 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Lemna minor5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.00011 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Raphidocelis subcapitata5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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250 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.044 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat 4 hr (nose only)5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.001 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.001 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.001 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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100 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) default3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Bystander exposure unlikely based on typical patterns of use Minimal risk of dietary exposure |
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Risk of exposure acceptable under label recommendations for use for personal protection clothing and equipment Risk of exposure by inhalation |
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0.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) EU Dir 89/778/EC limit; Calc MAC=3 µg l⁻¹5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Extensively metabolised, eliminated mainly via expired air with some loses via urine and faeces | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Health issues |
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Highly toxic |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
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Health: H302, H330, H335, H315, H319 | |||
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Not classified: Fumigant (Not classified: Fumigant) | |||
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UN1580 | |||
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Packaging Group I (great danger) | |||
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chloropicrin | ||
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chloropicrine | ||
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Chlorpikrin | ||
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chloropicrin | ||
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cloropicrina | ||
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cloropicrina | ||
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chloropikryna | ||
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chloorpikrine | ||
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Record last updated: | 28/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |