D-limonene |
Last updated: 23/10/2024 |
(Also known as: dipentene; d-limonene; alpha-limonene; dipenol; orange oil; citrus extract) |
SUMMARY |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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An insect repellant with a strong citrus smell used alone or in combination with other insecticides mainly used for public health | |
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Fleas; Ticks; Mosquito larvae | |
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Animals; Humans | |
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Current | |
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1958, registered USA |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved in this pure form but approved as part of some plant oils | ||
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Not applicable | ||
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved in this pure form but approved as part of some plant oils | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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USA |
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Chemical structure |
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Limonene is isomeric with the D-form being the more commonly-occurring isomer in citrus | |
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C₁₀H₁₆ | |
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CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C | |
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CC1=CC[C@@H](CC1)C(=C)C | |
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XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3 | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insecticide, Semiochemical, Veterinary substance, Metabolite, Other substance | |
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Groundwater, Soil, Surface water | |
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Biocide, Slimicide | |
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Plant-derived substance | |
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Natural | |
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Odourous repellent | |
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5989-27-5 | |
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227-813-5 | |
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None allocated | |
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- | |
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- | |
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136.23 | |
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- | |
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(R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene | |
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(4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene | |
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EC 2232/96 Annex 1 registered as food flavouring agent | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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UNM | |
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Not applicable | |
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- | |
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Colourless to pale yellow liquid with citrus odour | |
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Can be a metabolite of: |
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orange oil | Soil | - | - |
Formulations |
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Usually suppled as ready-to-use formulations such as sprays and as emulsifiable concentrates, granules and impregnated collars |
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13.8 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) at 25 °C3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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-73.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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175 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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45 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.70 X 1004 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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4.23 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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1 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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160000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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1580 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Volatile | ||||||||
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28.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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Fate indices |
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Cannot be calculated | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0.883 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 1.5E+06 OH/cm³, 12 hr5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Below the level of concern for long-range air transport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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246 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1405 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus3 = Unverified data of known source |
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999.7 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as product corr3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 100 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as product3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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3221 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1783.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.702 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pimephales promelas3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.421 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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4.08 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Scenedesmus subspicatus Growth5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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Low (class I) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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85 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Acceptable for proposed uses | |||||||||
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Acceptable for proposed uses | ||||||||||
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Rapidly excreted (2-3 days) majority in urine & less than 10% in faeces | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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No further information available |
Handling issues |
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Flammable Not explosive or oxidising |
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Health: H317 | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-Limonen | ||
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D-limonen | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonen | ||
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dipenteen | ||
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Record last updated: | 23/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |