Biphenyl |

Last updated: 29/08/2024
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(Also known as: diphenyl; phenylbenzene ; bibenzene ) |
Biphenyl is a fungicide which has a low aqueous solubility and a moderate volatility. Based on its physico-chemical properties it would not be expected to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil systems but could persist in water systems under certain conditions. It has a low toxicity to mammals but may be a neurotoxin and liver toxicant. Biphenyl is also a skin sensitiser and a recognised skin, eye and respiratory irritant. It is moderately toxic to fish, algae and aquatic invertebrates. |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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An aromatic fungicide used mainly on citrus and other crops. Biphenyl is not effective against certain fungal pathogens such as stem-end rots. |
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Mainly active against Penicillium spp. |
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Citrus; Grapes; Potatoes; Cucumbers; Tomatoes |
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- |
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- |
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1944, first described |
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Not approved |
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Expired |
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No UK approval for use as a pesticide |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved |
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Poland |
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Expired |
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- |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
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ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
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LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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None |
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C₁₂H₁₀ |
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C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2 |
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No data |
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ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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InChI=1S/C12H10/c1-3-7-11(8-4-1)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H |
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Yes |
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams |
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Common Name |
Relationship |
Link |
biphenyl |
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Fungicide |
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Aromatic hydrocarbon compound |
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- |
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- |
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Synthetic |
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Inhibits sporulation, lipid peroxidation |
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92-52-4 |
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202-163-5 |
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None allocated |
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017002 |
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7095 |
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601-042-00-8 |
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154.21 |
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1,1'-biphenyl |
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biphenyl |
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1,1'-biphenyl |
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VOC |
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UK statutory standard for protection of inland, coastal and territorial waters for aquatic life 25 µg l⁻¹ as annual average |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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14 |
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- |
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Colourless crystals |
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- |
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- |
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Supplied in a range of formulations including foliar sprays. For citrus biphenyl is often impregnated into paper wraps for individual fruits or for paper packagings to prevent storage rot. |
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6.94 |
at 25 °C |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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70.5 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- |
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256 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- |
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- |
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- |
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106 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- |
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9.55 X 1003 |
Calculated |
- |
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3.98 |
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High |
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- |
- |
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1.04 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
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1238 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable |
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3.12 X 1001 |
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Moderately volatile |
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3 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Non-persistent |
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- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
- |
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- |
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Literature estimates DT₅₀ range 1.5-7 days |
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- |
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- |
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Stable |
P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Stable |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- |
R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slightly mobile |
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2085 |
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Koc range 870-3,300 mL g⁻¹ |
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- |
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0.32 |
Calculated |
Low leachability |
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1.26 X 10-03 |
Calculated |
- |
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- |
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Medium |
Calculated |
- |
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Slightly mobile |
Calculated |
- |
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- |
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340 |
R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Threshold for concern |
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Not available |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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2140 |
Rat |
Low |
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> 1.5 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
Moderate |
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- |
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> 2.38 |
Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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0.17 |
Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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1.3 |
Chlamydomonas angulosa |
Moderate |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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High (class III) |
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2140 |
Rat |
Low |
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0.005 |
L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Rat |
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0.038 |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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EU MRL pesticide database |
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- |
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- |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A3 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data |
No data found |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
No data found |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
?Possibly, status not identified |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
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Exerts toxic effects on the central nervous system and liver May cause skin sensitization or dermatitis |
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Prevent generation of dust and vapours |
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Health: H315, H319, H335 Environment: H400, H410 |
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III (Slightly hazardous) |
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- |
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biphenyl |
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biphényle |
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Biphenyl |
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biphenyl |
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bifenile |
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bifenilo |
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biphenyl |
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bifenyl |
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- |
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- |
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bifenyl |
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- |
Record last updated: |
29/08/2024 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |