Profoxydim (Ref: BAS 625H)

Profoxydim (Ref: BAS 625H)	Last updated: 31/10/2024
(Also known as: clefoxydim; clefoxidim)

SUMMARY

Profoxydim is a post-emergence rice herbicide. It has a low aqueous solubility, is volatile and does not present a risk of leaching to groundwater. It is non-persistent in soil but can be persistent in water. It has a low mammalian toxicity and the risk of bioaccumulation is low. No other serious human health risks have been identified. It shows a low to moderate toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Slightly mobile; Potential for particle bound transport: Medium	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Fish chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health High alert: Endocrine disrupter

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Used for the post-emergence control of grass weeds in rice

Example pests controlled

Barnyard grass; Silvertop grass; Giant reed (Arundo donax); Crab grass; Yellow bristlegrass

Example applications

Rice

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1998, introduced

UK regulatory status

UK COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Withdrawn

UK LERAP status

No data

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Spain/Greece

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece
		✓						✓
ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg
✓						✓
LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia
				✓	✓

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Chemical structure

Isomerism

A chiral molecule existing in both the E- and Z-forms

Chemical formula

C₂₄H₃₂ClNO₄S

Canonical SMILES

CCCC(=C1C(=O)CC(CC1=O)C2CCCSC2)NOCC(C)OC3=CC=C(C=C3)Cl

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

NZYQPWCHQXECMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C24H32ClNO4S/c1-3-5-21(26-29-14-16(2)30-20-9-7-19(25)8-10-20)24-22(27)12-18(13-23(24)28)17-6-4-11-31-15-17/h7-10,16-18,26H,3-6,11-15H2,1-2H3

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Herbicide

Substance groups

Cyclohexadione herbicide; Cyclohexene herbicide

Minimum active substance purity

>940 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Selective in rice, inhibiting weed growth, Acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor (ACCase) - distrupts fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid formation.

CAS RN

139001-49-3

EC number

604-105-8

CIPAC number

621

US EPA chemical code

121007

PubChem CID

197395

CLP index number

606-115-00-8

Molecular mass

466.03

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

(5E)-2-{(1E)-N-[(2E)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxy]butanimidoyl}-3-hydroxy-5-[(3?)-thian-3-yl]cyclohex-2-en-1-one

IUPAC name

(5RS)-2-{(EZ)-1-[(2RS)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxyimino]butyl}-3-hydroxy-5-[(3RS)-thian-3-yl]cyclohex-2-en-1-one

CAS name

2-[1-[[2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxy]imino]butyl]-3-hydroxy-5-(tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Leptochloa chinensis

Physical state

Colourless liquid

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

BASF

Example products using this active

Aura

Formulation and application details

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

27.8

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

1900000

Acetone

1700000

Ethyl acetate

480000

Methanol

1300000

Toluene

Melting point (°C)

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

150

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

7.94 X 10⁰³

Calculated

Log P

3.9

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.198

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

5.91

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

0.17

Low volatility. If applied directly to plants, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

0.0176

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

24 hr

Volatilisation is not considered critical for air pollution

From soil surface

24 hr

Volatilisation is not considered critical for air pollution

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Max @ 300nm

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

21.5

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dosiser Lab DT₅₀ range 3-13 days, DT₉₀ 2-41days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

140

Persistent

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Moderately fast

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Slow

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

11.49

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

3032

¹/_n

1.01

Notes and range

EU dossier K_f range 2.04-20.94 mL g⁻¹; K_foc range 81-5983 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.92-1.1, soils-6

pH sensitivity

Yes, higher Koc values for lower pH values.

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.47

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

7.25 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

5.8

Calculated using the Atkinson method

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

Low potential

CT₅₀ (days)

1.85

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

(3RS)-3-[(1RS)-4-{(1EZ)-N-[(2RS)-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxy]butanimidoyl}-3-hydroxy-5-oxocyclohex-3-en-1-yl]-1λ4-thian-1-one (Ref: BH 625-1)

Major fraction

0.731

DT50 soil= 185-374 days; Koc= 24-1749 mL/g

(6RS)-6-[(3S)-1-oxo-1λ4-thian-3-yl]-2-propyl-6,7-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-4(5H)-one (Ref: BH 625-10)

Major fraction

0.155

DT50 soil= 239-318 days; Koc= 89-6585 mL/g

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

None

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

Rat

High

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 2000

Colinus virginianus

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 1000

Eisenia foetida

Low

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect
Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose: 5x field rate

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 200

Apis mellifera

Low

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as % Mortality at dose 0.2 g ha⁻¹

13.01

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as % Mortality

70.53

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as % Mortality

50.6

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

3.13

Oncorhynchus mykiss 28 day

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

18.1

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

10.9

Daphnia magna

Low

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

> 29.4

Lemna gibba

Low

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Anabaena flos-aquae

Low

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

18.1

Unknown species

Low

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

4000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 5.2

Rat

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.005

Rat SF=1000

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.05

Rat SF=100

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.025

Dog SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

1.5

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Liver toxicant
CLP data - suspected carcinogen

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not explosive or oxidising
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable

CLP classification 2013

Health: H317, H351, H361d

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

profoxydim

French

German

Danish

Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

profoksydim

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	31/10/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242