Paraquat dichloride |
Last updated: 22/08/2024 |
(Also known as: methyl viologen ) |
SUMMARY |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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A herbicide used to control common weeds and grasses in a wide range of agricultural and amenity situations | |
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Broad-leaved weeds including cocksfoot; Grasses including wild oats, Yorkshire fog grass, ryegrass, fescue | |
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Rice; Lucerne; Beans & peas; Hops; Vineyards; Potaoes; Non-cropped areas such as roadways, paths | |
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UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Not applicable | ||
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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UK | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Chemical structure |
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None | |
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C₁₂H₁₄Cl₂N₂ | |
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C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C.[Cl-].[Cl-] | |
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- | |
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FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L | |
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InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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paraquat dichloride | - | |
paraquat dibromide | Variant |
General status |
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Herbicide | |
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Quarternary ammonium herbicide | |
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- | |
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EU dossier - free 4,4¢-bipyridyl 0.2% | |
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Synthetic | |
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Broad-spectrum, non-residual activity with contact and some desiccant action. Photosystem I (electron transport) inhibitor. | |
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1910-42-5 | |
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217-615-7 | |
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56 | |
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061601 | |
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15938 | |
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613-090-00-7 | |
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257.16 | |
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1,1'-dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridine]-1,1'-diium dichloride | |
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1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride | |
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1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride | |
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PAN Dirty Dozen; Chemical subject to PIC regulations; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972 | |
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- | |
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D | |
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22 | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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Lolium rigidum | |
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off-white crystalline solid | |
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Formulations |
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Usually formulated as a soluble concentrate or aqueous liquid |
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620000 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone4 = Verified data |
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100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Toluene4 = Verified data |
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100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate4 = Verified data |
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100 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Hexane4 = Verified data |
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Decomoses before melting | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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340 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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3.16 X 10-05 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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-4.5 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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1.5 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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Not applicable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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No dissociation | |||||||||||
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0.01 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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4.0 X 10-09 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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290nm | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | |||||||
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365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | ||||||||
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365 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Very persistent | ||||||||
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Stable and persistent, General literature DT₅₀ up to 20 years | ||||||||||
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Stable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable at all relevant wavelengths | ||||||||||
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Stable | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Stable | |||||||
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Stable at all relevant pHs | ||||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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100000 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Koc range 8400-40000000 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
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3240 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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228537 | ||||||||||
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2.9 | ||||||||||
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Kf range 717-6260 mL g⁻¹; Kfoc range 14340-581000 mL g⁻¹; 1/n range 1.96-4.0, Soils=9 | ||||||||||
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None, adsorption correlates to soil clay content |
Fate indices |
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-3.48 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5.35 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Estimated concentrations of chemicals with Koc values greater than 9995 ml g⁻¹ are beyond the scope of the regression data used in SCI-GROW development. If there are concerns for such chemicals, a higher tier groundwater exposure assessment should be considered, regardless of the concentration returned by SCI-GROW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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High | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Non-mobile | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Low risk | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Based on LogP < 35 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low risk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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110 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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35 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Unknown species 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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698 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Unknown species4 = Verified data |
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> 1000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida 7 day4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 720 kg ha⁻¹ 1 year |
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72 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
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> 48 | E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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15 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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2.5 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss 30 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.2 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.01 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.367 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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100 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.088 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Lemna gibba4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.32 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Raphidocelis subcapitata4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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110 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.004 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as paraquat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.005 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as paraquat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Not applicable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.0004 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as paraquat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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No unacceptable risks to bystanders identified | |||||||||
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No unacceptable risks to operators or other workers identified | ||||||||||
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Health issues |
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Potential liver, kidney, stomach, intestine and respiratory system toxicant May damage lungs if inhaled |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
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Health: H301, H311, H315, H319, H330, H335, H372 Environment: H400, H410 |
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II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
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UN2811 | |||
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Packaging Group II (moderate danger) | |||
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paraquat dichloride | ||
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Record last updated: | 22/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |