(Also known as: alanap; naptalam-sodium; naphthalam)
SUMMARY
Naptalam is a broad-spectrum herbicide. It is usually used as the sodium salt as this is more soluble. Whilst naptalam is not particularly toxic to humans its major metabolite 1-naphthylamine is a carcinogen. Its environmental fate is pH sensitive. It may pose a threat to groundwaters. Virtually non-toxic to mammals, birds, honeybees and most aquatic species. No data for earthworms has been identified.
Hazard alerts
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement. These hazard alerts do not take account of usage patterns or exposure, thus do not represent risk.
Environmental fate
Ecotoxicity
Human health
Environmental fate High alert: GUS: High leachability; Drainflow: Mobile
Warning: Significant data are missing
Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate
Human health Moderate alert: Mammals acute toxicity: Moderate; Reproduction/development effects
GENERAL INFORMATION
Description
A pre-emergence herbicide used for the control of a wide range of weeds and grasses in food and non-food crops
Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically
Chemtura
Uniroyal
Vertac
Example products using this active
Ancrack
Klean Krop
Rescue
Alanap
Grelutin
Formulation and application details
Available as liquids for dilution and in granular formulations.
Commercial production
Naptalam is synthesised through a condensation reaction between 1-naphthylamine and phthalic anhydride. This process typically occurs in an organic solvent under reflux conditions, where the amine group of 1-naphthylamine reacts with one of the anhydride’s carbonyl groups to form an amide linkage, yielding the parent acid form of naptalam.
Impact on climate of production and use
Data for the amount of life cycle GHGs produced by naptalam are not available in the public domain. However, whilst estimates vary, more general data suggests that between 18 and 27 kilograms of CO₂e is emitted per kilogram of herbicide produced.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
200
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data
Moderate
Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)
5900
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data
Acetone
-
20900
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data
Methanol
-
400
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data
Xylene
-
Insoluble
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data
Hexane
-
Melting point (°C)
185
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source
-
Boiling point (°C)
-
-
-
Degradation point (°C)
-
-
-
Flashpoint (°C)
-
-
-
Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C
As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.
Decay in stored produce DT₅₀
-
Soil adsorption and mobility
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
Linear
Kd (mL g⁻¹)
-
F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source
Mobile
Koc (mL g⁻¹)
20
Notes and range
Best available data
Freundlich
Kf (mL g⁻¹)
-
-
-
Kfoc (mL g⁻¹)
-
1/n
-
Notes and range
-
pH sensitivity
-
Fate indices
Property
Value
Source; quality score; and other information
Interpretation
GUS leaching potential index
4.22
Calculated
High leachability
SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate
Value
1.24 X 1000
Calculated
-
Note
-
Potential for particle bound transport index
Low
Calculated
-
Potential for loss via drain flow
Mobile
Calculated
-
Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk
-
-
-
Bio-concentration factor
BCF (l kg⁻¹)
157
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242