Bifenazate |
Last updated: 22/08/2024 |
(Also known as: D 2341; HSDB 7002) |
SUMMARY |
Bifenazate is an insecticide used for mite control. It has a low water solubility, volatile and would not be expected to leach to groundwater. Bifenazate is also not expected to persist in soil or water systems. It is highly toxic to mammals and a recognised skin, eye and respiratory system irritant. It is moderately toxic to most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms. |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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An effective pesticide for phytophagous mite control | |
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Spider mites; Pecan leaf mites; Pacific spider mites; European red mites; Brown almond mite; Six-spotted spider mite | |
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Greenhouse crops; Nursery crops; Landscaped areas; Hops; Avocado; Curcubits; Apples & pears; Quince; Egg plants; Cucumbers; Water melon; Strawberries; Tomatoes | |
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- | |
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Current | |
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1996, first introduced; 1999, registered USA; 2000, registered UK |
UK regulatory status |
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Approved | ||
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31/07/2029 | ||
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None |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sweden/Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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30/06/2037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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No | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Australia, USA, Morocco |
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Chemical structure |
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None | |
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C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₃ | |
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CC(C)OC(=O)NNC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=CC=CC=C2)OC | |
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- | |
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VHLKTXFWDRXILV-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C17H20N2O3/c1-12(2)22-17(20)19-18-15-11-14(9-10-16(15)21-3)13-7-5-4-6-8-13/h4-12,18H,1-3H3,(H,19,20) | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insecticide, Acaricide | |
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Carbazate insecticide; Carbazate acaricide | |
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950 g kg⁻¹ | |
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EU dossier - Toluene 0.7 g kg⁻¹ | |
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Synthetic | |
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Neuronal inhibitor, non-systemic having contact and residual action. Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitor - at Qo site. | |
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149877-41-8 | |
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442-820-5 | |
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736 | |
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000586 | |
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176879 | |
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No data found | |
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300.35 | |
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propan-2-yl 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate | |
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isopropyl 3-(4-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)carbazate | |
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1-methylethyl 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate | |
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- | |
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- | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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20D | |
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Not applicable | |
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Tetranychus urticae | |
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White to beige coloured crystalline solid as technical material, white as the pure substance |
Formulations |
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Often supplied as a suspension concentrated which is mixed with water and applied as a spray |
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2.06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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210700 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Acetone4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
102000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Ethyl acetate5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
44700 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
24700 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Toluene5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||||
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122 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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Decomposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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240 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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2.51 X 1003 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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3.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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Soluble | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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1.31 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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12.94 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
Strong base | |||||||||||
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2.2 X 10-06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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2.76 X 10-05 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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Neutral solution: 206nm = 272686, 232nm = 25058, 264nm = 12413, 290nm = 6186 shoulder | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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61.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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0.69 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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0.69 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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4.8 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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EU dossier (RAR 2016) lab studies DT₅₀ range <1 - 6.0 days, DT₉₀ range 0.3-12.3 days n=4 | ||||||||||
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4.7 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Tea shoots; Strawberries; Range 1.2-8.2 days, n=2 | ||||||||||
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0.85 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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0.51 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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pH sensitive: DT₅₀ 8.2 days at pH 4, 4.8 days at pH 5, 0.51 days at pH 7 and 0.04 days at pH 9 all at 25 °C | ||||||||||
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0.045 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
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0.45 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Fast | ||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
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1778 | ||||||||||
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7.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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368 | ||||||||||
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1.16 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier (2016 RAR) Kf range 4.4-14.6 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 243-628 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 1.00-1.24, Soils=4 | ||||||||||
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None |
Fate indices |
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0.98 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3.61 X 10-03 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Low | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Slightly mobile | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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0.6 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Calculated using the Atkinson method. Assumed 5.0E+05 OH/cm³, 24 hr4 = Verified data |
Below the level of concern for long-range air transport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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83 | E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known soil metabolites |
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Major fraction | 0.855 | - | |||||
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Major fraction | 0.333 | - | |||||
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Major fraction | 0.125 | - | |||||
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Minor fraction | 0.069 | - | |||||
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Minor fraction | - | Anaerobic |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
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3,4-dihydroxy-[1,1'-biphenyl] (Ref: D-9472) | - | Surface water (Photolysis) | - | ||||
3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl] (Ref: D-9963) | - | Surface water (Photolysis) | - | ||||
4-hydroxybiphenyl (Ref: A1530) | - | Rat | - | ||||
4,4-biphenyl | - | Rat | - | ||||
4-hydroxybiphenyl hydrogen sulphate | A1539 sulphate | - | - | ||||
4-hydroxy-bifenazate | 4-OH- bifenazate | - | - | ||||
n-(4'-hydroxy-4-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)diazenecarboxylic acid isopropyl ester | 4-OH-D3598 | - | - | ||||
bifenazate glucuronide | - | - | - | ||||
4-(4'-methoxyphenyl)phenol (Ref: D-9477) | - | - | - | ||||
1,8-dimethoxy-4,5-diphenyl-9H-carbazole | DDC | Surface water | - | ||||
isopropyl 2,2-bis(4-methoxybiphenol-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylate | IBMHC | Surface water | - | ||||
diazinecarboxylic acid, 2-(4-methoxy-(1,1-biphenyl)-3-yl),1-methylethyl ester (Ref: D-3598) | - | Surface water; Sediment | - | ||||
4-methoxybiphenyl (Ref: D-1989) | D-1989 | Surface water | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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> 0.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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> 40 | - | |||||||||
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> 200 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat Reproductive NOAEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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1036 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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686 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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2.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos NOEL5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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> 429 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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9.75 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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307.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Folsomia candida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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8.50 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | |||||||
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141 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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0.350 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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9.6 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Bombus terrestris as mg l⁻¹3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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< 50 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Coccinella septempunctata4 = Verified data |
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262 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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23.8 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.58 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Lepomis macrochirus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.017 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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3.04 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.5 | J4 J = Pesticide Action Network database (click here ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.15 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.058 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Americamysis bahia4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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> 1.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chironomus riparius EC₅₀5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.3 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Skeletonema costatum5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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2000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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> 4.4 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat 4 hr (nose only)3 = Unverified data of known source |
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0.01 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.0036 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1-2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact | ||||||||||
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Mainly excreted as unchanged substance via bile | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Health issues |
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Harmful if ingested |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9 Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
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Health: H317. H319, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
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U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard) | |||
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UN3077 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
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bifenazate | ||
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bifenazate | ||
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Bifenazat | ||
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bifenazat | ||
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bifenazate | ||
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bifenazato | ||
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bifenazat | ||
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bifenazat | ||
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bifenazat |
Record last updated: | 22/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |