Bromadiolone (Ref: LM 637)

Bromadiolone (Ref: LM 637)	Last updated: 31/10/2024
(Also known as: broprodifacoum; bromodiolone)

SUMMARY

Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide. It has a low aqueous solubility and a low volatility. It may be moderately persistent in both soil and water systems depending on local conditions. It demonstrates a moderate to high toxicity to most fauna. Bromadiolone is also highly toxic to mammals via the oral route and there are also concerns that it may be a reproduction/developmental toxin.

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Slightly mobile; Potential for particle bound transport: Medium	Ecotoxicity High alert: Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: High	Human health High alert: Mammals acute toxicity: High; Reproduction/development effects

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

An anti-coagulant coumarin-derivative rodenticide mainly used for indoor applications

Example pests controlled

Rats; Mice

Example applications

Houses; Commercial buildings; Industrial sites

Efficacy & activity

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1976, first reported

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Withdrawn

GB LERAP status

No data

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Not approved

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Italy/Romania

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Also used in

Australia, USA

Chemical structure

Isomerism

A chiral molecule which is a mixture of the two isomeric diastereomers (1RS,3RS) and (1RS,3SR) both of which are toxicologically active

Chemical formula

C₃₀H₂₃BrO₄

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(CC(C2=CC=C(C=C2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)Br)O)C4=C(C5=CC=CC=C5OC4=O)O

Isomeric SMILES

No data

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

OWNRRUFOJXFKCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C30H23BrO4/c31-23-16-14-20(15-17-23)19-10-12-22(13-11-19)26(32)18-25(21-6-2-1-3-7-21)28-29(33)24-8-4-5-9-27(24)35-30(28)34/h1-17,25-26,32-33H,18H2

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

General status

Pesticide type

Rodenticide

Substance groups

Coumarin rodenticide

Minimum active substance purity

970

Known relevant impurities

EU dossier - none declared

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Second generation anticoagulant which blocks prothrombin formation, inhibits blood coagulation

CAS RN

28772-56-7

EC number

249-205-9

CIPAC number

371

US EPA chemical code

112001

PubChem CID

54680085

CLP index number

607-716-00-8

Molecular mass

527.40

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

3-[(1E,3E)-3-(4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

IUPAC name

3-[(1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxycoumarin

CAS name

3-[3-(4'-bromo[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

Other status information

PAN Bad Actor Chemical

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Odourless white powder

Formulations

Property

Value

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Certis
Killgerm
Luxan
LiphaTech
PCT Holdings Pty Ltd

Example products using this active

Maki
Coumarin
Tomcat
Sarakat Bromabait
Contrac
Bromone
Maki
Super-Caid
Brigand
Surefire Broma Liquid

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied in ready-to-use bait formulations such as granules, blocks and pellets

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

18.4

Low

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

10000

Ethyl acetate

12000

Acetone

8200

Ethanol

5600

Methanol

Melting point (°C)

199

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

200

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.17 X 10⁰⁴

Calculated

Log P

4.07

High

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Soluble

Data type

Regulatory data

Density (g ml⁻¹)

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

4.04

Weak acid

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2.13 X 10^-05

Low volatility

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

8.99 X 10^-07

Non-volatile

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

0.05

24 hr

Volatilisation is not considered critical for air pollution

From soil surface

9.0

24 hr

Volatilisation is not considered critical for air pollution

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Neutral solution: 206-214nm = 74211, 260-266nm = 29157, 312-314nm = 13895
Acidic solution: 206-214nm = 64736, 250-266nm = 33316, 313-314nm = 12263
Alkaline solution: 206-214nm = 127895, 260-266nm = 28526, 312-314nm = 13895

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

71.2

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

Moderately persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

4.6

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU dossier Lab studies DT₅₀ range 2.8-269 days, DT₉₀ range14-658 days

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

0.1

Fast

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Moderately persistent

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

7.9

Slightly mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

1636

¹/_n

0.77

Notes and range

EU dossier K_d range 5.3-10.4 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 1563-1709 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.652-0.887, Soils=2

pH sensitivity

Lower adsoption under alkaline conditions than under acidic.

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

0.52

Calculated

Low leachability

SCI-GROW groundwater index (μg l⁻¹) for a 1 kg ha⁻¹ or 1 l ha⁻¹ application rate

Value

3.04 X 10^-03

Calculated

Note

Potential for particle bound transport index

Medium

Calculated

Potential for loss via drain flow

Slightly mobile

Calculated

Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀ (hrs) as indicator of long-range air transport risk

2.1

Calculated using the Atkinson method.

Below the level of concern for long-range air transport

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

867

Estimated

Threshold for concern

CT₅₀ (days)

Not available

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

3-[(1RS)-3-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-3-oxo-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one

Major fraction

0.396

Moderately persistent

(1RS,3RS)-5-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1,3-diphenylpentan-1-ol

Major fraction

0.192

(1RS,3RS,5RS)-1-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-3,5-diphenylpentane-1,5-diol

Major fraction

0.248

Known groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

3-[(1RS)-3-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-3-oxo-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one

bromadiolone ketone

Surface water

(1RS,3RS)-5-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-1,3-diphenylpentan-1-ol

Surface water

(1RS,3RS,5RS)-1-(4'-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)-3,5-diol

UNk3/M9

Surface water

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 0.56

Rat

High

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

138

Colinus virginianus

Moderate

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 4.74

High

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 8.0

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

0.017

Scenedesmus subspicatus

Moderate

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

High (class III)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 0.56

Rat

High

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

1.30

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

0.0043

Rat 4 hr

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

0.0000012

Dermal penetration studies (%)

1.6

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Small risk identified from possible bait contact

Occupational

Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, from intact skin, and the respiratory system - PPE/PPC advised

MRLs

European

EU MRL pesticide database

Great Britain

GB MRL Register

Notes

Drinking Water Standards

Drinking Water MAC (μg l⁻¹)

0.016

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

No data found

; ; ; ;

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Anticoagulant and may cause haemorrhaging
It is very toxic by inhalation, contact with the skin and by ingestion
Slight eye irritant

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not oxidising or explosive
Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable
IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1

CLP classification 2013

Health: H300, H310, H330, H360d, H372
Environment: H400, H410

WHO Classification

Ia (Extremely hazardous)

UN Number

UN3027

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

bromadiolone

French

bromadiolone

German

Bromadiolon

Danish

bromadiolon

Italian

bromadiolone

Spanish

bromadiolona

Greek

Polish

bromadiolon

Swedish

bromadiolon

Hungarian

Dutch

bromadiolon

Norwegian

Record last updated:	31/10/2024
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242