Metronidazole |
Last updated: 18/05/2024 |
(Also known as: metronidazol ; MTZ) |
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An imadazole veterinary drug active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and protozoa | |
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Current | |
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1957, introduced | |
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Often used to treat diarrhea and other intestinal problem. Effective against Giardia; Trichomonas; Balantidium coli | |
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Cattle; Dogs; Cats; Horses; Donkeys; Birds; Reptiles |
Approval status |
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Approved | |
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Approved |
Chemical structure |
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- | |
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C₆H₉N₃O₃ | |
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CC1=NC=C(N1CCO)[N+](=O)[O-] | |
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No data | |
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VAOCPAMSLUNLGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C6H9N3O3/c1-5-7-4-6(9(11)12)8(5)2-3-10/h4,10H,2-3H2,1H3 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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metronidazole | - |
General status |
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Antibiotic, Antibacterial, Antiprotozoal | |
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Imidazole | |
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Synthetic | |
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Systemic. Metronidazole is reduced as it enters the target cell where it interacts with bacterial or protozoal DNA causing a loss of helical structure and strand breakage in the DNA leading to eventual death of the cell | |
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[DNA, Binder], [Oxygen-insensitive NADPH nitroreductase, potentiator], [Periplasmic (Fe) hydrogenase 1, Antagonist] | |
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443-48-1 | |
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207-136-1 | |
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120401 | |
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Antiinfectants for systemic use: Antibacterials for systemic use | |
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QJ01RA04 | |
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No | |
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Prohibited | |
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171.15 | |
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- | |
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2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol | |
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1-(β-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5- nitroimidazole | |
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Evidence of use in third world countries | |
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- | |
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White to pale yellow crystalline solid |
Formulations |
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Eradia Oral Suspension | Virbac | GB National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V) | ||||||
Metrobactin Tablets | Dechra Regulatory B.V. | GB National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V) | |||||||
Stomorgyl 20 Film-coated Tablets | Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health UK Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V) | |||||||
Spizobactin Chewable Tablets | Le Vet Beheer B.V. | GB National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V) | |||||||
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Usually supplied as oral suspensions or tablets |
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9500 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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5000 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Ethanol3 = Unverified data of known source |
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500 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Ether3 = Unverified data of known source |
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500 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Chloroform3 = Unverified data of known source |
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158 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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9.55 X 10-01 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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-0.02 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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2.38 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Strong acid | |||||||||||
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0.04 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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No absorption >290 nm | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Degradation |
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16.1 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) soil-manure slurry mix Slightly persistent DT₅₀ range 9.7–26.8 days,3 = Unverified data of known source |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Mobile | |||||||
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47 | ||||||||||
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General literature states Kd range 0.54-0.67 mL g⁻¹, Koc range 39-56 mL g⁻¹, soils=4 | ||||||||||
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0.77 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Mobile | |||||||
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56.1 | ||||||||||
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1.35 | ||||||||||
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General literature Kf range 0.74-0.80 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 50.0-71.8 mL g⁻¹, 1.n range 1.27-1.43, soils=4 | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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Known soil and groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
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2-hydroxy metronidazole | - | Humans/Animals (Liver) | - | ||||
1-acetic acid-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole | - | - | - | ||||
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-carboxylic acid-5-nitroimidazole salt | - | - | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 500 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 5000 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Anas platyrhynchos3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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> 100 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1000 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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182 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Americamysis bahia3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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40.4 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 500 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Subcutaneous LD₅₀ = 3640 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 870 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Eliminated with some hepatic metabolism mainly in the faeces but some also lost with urine | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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May cause headaches, nausea and diarrhoea Associated with the development of leukopenia, neutropenia and increased risk of peripheral neuropathy Published studies suggest substance is potentially carcinogenic; WHO & IARC - possible carcinogen; CLP data - inadequate epidemiological evidence so substance is not considered as a risk factor for cancer in humans; US NTP - suspected carcinogen; OSHA - Anticipated human carcinogen |
Handling issues |
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No information available | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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metronidazole | ||
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metronidazol | ||
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Record last updated: | 18/05/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |