Levamisole hydrochloride |
Last updated: 09/02/2024 |
(Not known by any other names) |
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A veterinary antiparasitic drug of the imidazothiazole class which is usually used as the hydrochloride salt | |
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Current | |
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1966, discovered | |
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Used mainly as a dewormer in livestock and for freshwater tropical fish | |
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Cattle; Pigs; Sheep; Freshwater tropical fish; Elephants |
Approval status |
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Approved | |
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Approved |
Chemical structure |
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Levamisole is the biologically active isomer of the isomeric tetramisole | |
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C₁₁H₁₃ClN₂S | |
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C1CSC2=NC(CN21)C3=CC=CC=C3.Cl | |
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C1CSC2=N[C@H](CN21)C3=CC=CC=C3.Cl | |
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LAZPBGZRMVRFKY-HNCPQSOCSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C11H12N2S.ClH/c1-2-4-9(5-3-1)10-8-13-6-7-14-11(13)12-10;/h1-5,10H,6-8H2;1H/t10-;/m1./s1 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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levamisole hydrochloride | - | |
levamisole | Parent |
General status |
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Dewormer, Antiparasitic, Anthelmintic | |
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Imidazothiazole | |
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Synthetic | |
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Works by causing parasitic paralysis allowing it to be expelled. Nicotinic receptor agonist. | |
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[Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3, Agonist], [Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like, Antagonist] | |
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16595-80-5 | |
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39170-95-1 | |
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240-654-6 | |
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27944 | |
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Antiparasitic products, insecticides & repellents: Anthelmintics | |
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QP52AE01 | |
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No | |
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Allowed substance (Table 1: Bovine, Ovine, Porcine, Poultry) | |
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240.75 | |
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- | |
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(6S)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole;hydrochloride | |
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Formulations |
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Charnaverm 7.5% Oral Solution | Chanelle Animal Health Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | ||||||
Combinex Oral Solution | Elanco Europe Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
Levafas Diamand Oral Suspension | Norbrook Laboratories Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
Levasure Oral Solution | Chanelle Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
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Usually formulated as solutions for oral administration or injections |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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Known metabolites |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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180 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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180 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
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High level of metabolism, less than 6% excreted unchanged in urine, metabolites excreted in both urine and faeces | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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Possible immune system and blood toxicant May cause stomatitis, nausea, vomiting and adbominal pain |
Handling issues |
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IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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UN2811 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
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levamisole hydrochloride | ||
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Record last updated: | 09/02/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |