Atenolol hydrochloride |
![]() Last updated: 14/09/2025 |
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(Also known as: atenolol HCl; dl-atenolol HCl) |
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A human and veterinary beta-blocker heart medication | |
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Used to control and regulate heart rate as well as reducing blood pressure | |
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Dogs; Cats |
Approval status |
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Not approved | |
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Not approved |
Chemical structure |
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Atenolol hydrochloride exhibits stereoisomerism, specifically chirality, due to the presence of a single chiral centre in its molecular structure. This chiral centre is located at the carbon atom bearing the hydroxy and isopropylamino groups, which allows the molecule to exist as two enantiomers: (R)-atenolol and (S)-atenolol. However, atenolol is typically marketed and administered as a racemate. | |
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C₁₄H₂₃ClNO₃ | |
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CC(C)NCC(COC1=CC=C(C=C1)CC(=O)N)O.Cl | |
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FFDDLJYKJQGSPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C14H22N2O3.ClH/c1-10(2)16-8-12(17)9-19-13-5-3-11(4-6-13)7-14(15)18;/h3-6,10,12,16-17H,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H2,15,18);1H | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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atenolol hydrochloride | Parent as isomer mix | ![]() |
(S)-atenolol | Parent S-isomer | ![]() |
atenolol hydrochloride | - | ![]() |
General status |
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Medicinal drug: Beta blocker | |
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Unclassified substance | |
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Synthetic | |
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A selective ß1 receptor antagonist | |
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[Beta-1 adrenergic receptor, Antagonist], [Beta-2 adrenergic receptor] | |
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51706-40-2 | |
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257-355-1 | |
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119274 | |
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Beta blocking agent: Selective | |
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QC07AB03 | |
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No | |
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302.80 | |
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2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetamide;hydrochloride | |
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2-[4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl]acetamide;hydrochloride | |
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Current | |
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Commercial |
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Not applicable | |||
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1969, patented; 1975, first medical approval | |||
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Usually formulated as tablets or oral solutions. Human brands are often used off-Label | |||
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Atenolol hydrochloride is synthesised through a multi-step process that begins with the epoxide ring-opening reaction of epichlorohydrin using 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide in the presence of a base and a phase-transfer catalyst. This forms a glycidyl ether intermediate, which is then reacted with isopropylamine to introduce the beta-amino alcohol side chain, yielding atenolol base. The final step involves salification by adding hydrochloric acid, converting the free base into atenolol hydrochloride. | |||
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Published GHG data is not available for most pharmaceuticals. However, according to industry, global averages suggest producing 1 kg of a typical active pharmaceutical ingredient can range from 10 to 100 kg CO₂e for small molecule drugs and potentially up to 1000 kg CO₂e for complex biologicals such as vaccines, depending on the drug type, its formulation, complexity of synthesis, solvent recovery, and energy sources used. |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 2000 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Rat4 = Verified data |
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General |
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> 2000 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Rat4 = Verified data |
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Hepatic metabolism, 50% absorbed through the gastrointestinal tracts and the rest excreted in the faeces | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
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Health issues |
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May cause lethargy, vomiting and diarrhoea Potential CNS toxicant |
Handling issues |
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No information available | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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atenolol hydrochloride | ||
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Record last updated: | 14/09/2025 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |