Chloramine-T

Chloramine-T	Last updated: 15/09/2025
(Also known as: chloramine-T anhydrous; N-chlorotosylamide, sodium salt; tosylchloramide)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

A chlorinated and deprotonated sulfonamide that is an effective broad spectrum antibacterial substance with veterinary applications

Examples of veterinary uses

Used to control Gill Flukes, Body Flukes, White Spot, Costia and Bacterial Gill Disease, as a disinfectnt and for the reduction of pathogenic bacterial levels.

Examples of species treated

Salmonid fish

Approval status

VMR 2013/2033 approval status (GB/UK)

Not approved

EU Regulatory approval status

Not approved

Chemical structure

Isomerism

None

Chemical formula

C₇H₇ClNNaO₂S

Canonical SMILES

CC1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(=O)[N-]Cl.[Na+]

Isomeric SMILES

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

VDQQXEISLMTGAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C7H7ClNO2S.Na/c1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)12(10,11)9-8;/h2-5H,1H3;/q-1;+1

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
chloramine-T trihydrate	Hydrate

General status

Veterinary substance type

Antibacterial

Other bioactivity & uses

Antifouling agent; Biocide; Disinfectant; Preservative

Substance groups

Sulphonamide

Minimum active substance purity

Known relevant impurities

Substance origin

Synthetic

Mode of action

Molecular targets

[Cytochrome P450 2E1, Activator], [Cytochrome P450 1A1, Activator], [Cytochrome P450 2B1, Activator], [DNA, Inhibitor]

CAS RN

127-65-1

EC number

204-854-7

CIPAC number

US EPA chemical code

76502

PubChem CID

3641960

Therapeutic Class

Dermatologicals; Other antiseptics and disinfectants

ATCvet Code

QD08AX04

Controlled Drug?

Regulation 37/2010 MRL Classification

Molecular mass

227.64

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

IUPAC name

sodium; chloro-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide

CAS name

Forever chemical

Other status information

One used as a herbicide in the USA but was withdrawn mid-1980s

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Physical state

White powder

Commercial

Property

Value

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

Early- to mid-1990's, first registered USA

Example manufacturers & suppliers of products using this active now or historically

Capot Chemical Co. Ltd.
Hebei Chuanghai Biotechnology Co., Ltd. China

Example products using this active

Not marketed as branded products

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a powder

Commercial production

Chloramine-T is synthesised through an oxidation process involving p-toluenesulfonamide and sodium hypochlorite. The reaction begins by dissolving p-toluenesulfonamide in an aqueous alkaline medium, typically using sodium hydroxide, which helps maintain a basic pH and stabilise the hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is then added gradually, acting as the oxidising agent that introduces the electrophilic chlorine atom to the nitrogen of the sulfonamide group. This forms the active compound, sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, known as chloramine-T.

Impact on climate of production and use

Published GHG data is not available for most pharmaceuticals. However, according to industry, global averages suggest producing 1 kg of a typical active pharmaceutical ingredient can range from 10 to 100 kg CO₂e for small molecule drugs and potentially up to 1000 kg CO₂e for complex biologicals such as vaccines, depending on the drug type, its formulation, complexity of synthesis, solvent recovery, and energy sources used.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

150000

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

Melting point (°C)

Decomposes before melting

Boiling point (°C)

Decomposes before boiling

Degradation point (°C)

167

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

5.01 X 10^-02

Calculated

Log P

-1.3

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.43

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

Refractive Index

Environmental release

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

DT₉₀ (field)

Note

Manure DT₅₀ (days)

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Note

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

0.91

Mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

Notes and range

US EPA data: K_d range 0.58-1.04 mL g⁻¹, K_oc range 31-52 mL g⁻¹, Soils=3

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

¹/_n

Notes and range

pH sensitivity

Fate indices

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

GUS leaching potential index

Bio-concentration factor

BCF (l kg⁻¹)

CT₅₀ (days)

Known soil and groundwater metabolites

None

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

p-toluenesulfonamide
Note: LC50 Poecilia reticulata = 31 mg/L; NOEC Daphnia magna = 4.5 mg/L

Fish

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Q3 Mouse 1100

Moderate

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ dw soil)

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹ dw soil)

Soil micro-organisms

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

Non-target plants

Vegetative vigour ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Seedling emergence ER₅₀ (g ha⁻¹)

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings)

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps)

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites)

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 2.8

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 2.12

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

1.3

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic Plants (free-floating, fonds growth, fresh) - 7 day (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth rate, fresh) - 14 day (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹) (EC₅₀)

0.31

Desmodesmus subspicatus

Moderate

Algae - Chronic (growth rate, fresh; mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Q3 Mouse 1100

Moderate

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 300 mmol/kg

Rat

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

Occupational

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Elimination primarily through the urine

Health issues

Specific human health issues (hazard-based)

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

No data found

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

No data found

General human health issues

Exposure may cause burning sensation, coughing, shortness of breath, sore throat and various adverse respiratory conditions

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Corrosive
May explode on heating above 130°C
Combustable
IMDG Transport Hazard Clsss 8

CLP classification 2013

Health: H302, H3334
Handling: H334

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Packaging group III (minor danger)

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

chloramine-T

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Swedish

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Record last updated:	15/09/2025
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242