Ractopamine hydrochloride |
Last updated: 20/03/2024 |
(Also known as: ractopamine HCl) |
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A substance often used as a feed additive to promote performance. Now banned in many countries including the EU & china. | |
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Current; Banned in many countries | |
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Once used for its economic and performance benefits - increasing rate of body mass gain, improving feed efficiency, and increasing carcass leanness | |
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Pigs; Cattle; Turkeys |
Approval status |
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Not approved | |
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Not approved |
Chemical structure |
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The technical material is a mixture of 4 stereoisomers. It is the RR-form of ractopamine is the most biologically active isomer. | |
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C₁₈H₂₄ClNO₃ | |
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CC(CCC1=CC=C(C=C1)O)NCC(C2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O.Cl | |
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JHGSLSLUFMZUMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C18H23NO3.ClH/c1-13(2-3-14-4-8-16(20)9-5-14)19-12-18(22)15-6-10-17(21)11-7-15;/h4-11,13,18-22H,2-3,12H2,1H3;1H | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Feed additive; Animal growth promotor | |
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Phenethanolamine | |
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Synthetic | |
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A phenolethanolamine beta-adrenoceptor agonist | |
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[Beta-adrenergic receptor, Agonist] | |
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90274-24-1 | |
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415-170-5 | |
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14010333 | |
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None allocated | |
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No | |
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Banned in the EU & UK | |
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337.8 | |
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4-[3-[[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]butyl]phenol;hydrochloride | |
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Formulations |
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Often formulated as a medicated feed additive |
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31000 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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163.9 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Max absorbance at 225.8nm=463 and 277.6nm=93 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Substance may enter the environment via the urine of treated animals or by leaching from spilt medicated feed. |
Degradation |
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1.1 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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0.009 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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26.7 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
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2265 | ||||||||||
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USEPA data: Kd range 14.5-36.0 mL g⁻¹, Koc range 2007-2698 mL g⁻¹, Soils=3 | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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0.03 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low potential | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Known metabolites |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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5.44 | P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Lepomis macrochirus3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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34.5 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
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> 101.2 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Selenastrum carpicornutum4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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General |
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> 2.8 | P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Rat 4 hr3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 367 mg kg⁻¹ | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Rapidly emininated via the urine | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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May cause skeletal muscle tremors and behavioural changes May cause cardiovascular effects |
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Not compatible with oxidising agents Will produce irritating and toxic gases if heated to decomposition Corrosive |
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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ractopamine hydrochloride | ||
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Record last updated: | 20/03/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |