Zonisamide |
![]() Last updated: 15/09/2025 |
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(Not known by any other names) |
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Zonisamide is a benzoxazole antiepileptic veterinary medication | |
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Used to help control seizures | |
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Dogs; Cats |
Approval status |
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Not approved | |
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Not approved |
Chemical structure |
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None | |
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C₈H₈N₂O₃S | |
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C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=NO2)CS(=O)(=O)N | |
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UBQNRHZMVUUOMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C8H8N2O3S/c9-14(11,12)5-7-6-3-1-2-4-8(6)13-10-7/h1-4H,5H2,(H2,9,11,12) | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Antiepileptic, Anticonvulsant, Medicinal drug | |
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Sulfnamide drug; Benzoxazole compound | |
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Synthetic | |
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Mode of action is unclear but zonisamide is a T-type calcium channel blocker | |
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[Calcium channel, Blocker] | |
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68291-9-4 | |
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614-395-8 | |
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5734 | |
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Nervous system: Antiepilectics | |
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QN03AX15 | |
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No | |
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212.22 | |
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1,2-benzoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide | |
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1,2-benzoxazol-3-ylmethanesulfonamide | |
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Solid |
Commercial |
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Current | |||
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1989, first clinical use in Japan; 2000, first US approval | |||
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Usually formulated for oral administration | |||
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The production of zonisamide involves a multi-step synthesis centred around the 1,2-benzisoxazole scaffold. The process typically begins with sodium 1,2-benzisoxazole-3-methanesulfonate, which is refluxed in toluene to remove moisture. Once dried, the compound is reacted with phosgene in the presence of dimethylformamide to form the corresponding sulfonyl chloride intermediate. This reactive intermediate is then treated with anhydrous ammonia under controlled pH and temperature conditions to yield zonisamide. | |||
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Published GHG data is not available for most pharmaceuticals. However, according to industry, global averages suggest producing 1 kg of a typical active pharmaceutical ingredient can range from 10 to 100 kg CO₂e for small molecule drugs and potentially up to 1000 kg CO₂e for complex biologicals such as vaccines, depending on the drug type, its formulation, complexity of synthesis, solvent recovery, and energy sources used. |
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800 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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5000 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Ethanol4 = Verified data |
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42000 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets DMSO4 = Verified data |
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No significant adverse effects anticipated |
Degradation |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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1992 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Rat4 = Verified data |
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General |
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1992 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 733 mg kg⁻¹ | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Rat4 = Verified data |
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Subcutaneous LD₅₀ = 925 mg kg⁻¹ | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Rat4 = Verified data |
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Metabolises in the liver. Mostly eliminated via the kidneys | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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No information available |
Handling issues |
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May emit hazardous gases of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition | |||
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Health: H302, H361 | |||
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Not regulated | |||
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zonisamide | ||
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Record last updated: | 15/09/2025 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |