D-limonene |
Last updated: 23/10/2024 |
(Also known as: dipentene; d-limonene; alpha-limonene; dipenol; orange oil; citrus extract) |
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A plant derived insect repellant | |
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Current | |
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1958, registered USA | |
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Main veterinary application is for flea and tick control on domestic pets | |
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Dogs; Cats |
Approval status |
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Not approved | |
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Not approved |
Chemical structure |
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Limonene is isomeric with the D-form being the more commonly-occurring isomer in citrus | |
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C₁₀H₁₆ | |
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CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C | |
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CC1=CC[C@@H](CC1)C(=C)C | |
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XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3 | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insect repellent, Antimicrobial | |
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Groundwater, Soil, Surface water | |
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Biocide, Slimicide | |
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Plant-derived substance | |
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- | |
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Natural | |
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Odourous repellent | |
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[Epididymal-specific lipocalin-9] | |
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5989-27-5 | |
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227-813-5 | |
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None allocated | |
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- | |
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- | |
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Antiparasitic products, Insecticides and Repellents: Ectoparasiticides, Insecticides and Repellents | |
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QP53AX | |
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No | |
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- | |
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136.23 | |
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- | |
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(R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene | |
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(4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene | |
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EC 2232/96 Annex 1 registered as food flavouring agent | |
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- | |
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Colourless to pale yellow liquid with citrus odour | |
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Can be a metabolite of: |
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orange oil | Soil | - | - |
Formulations |
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13.8 | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) at 25 °C3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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-73.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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175 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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45 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.70 X 1004 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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4.23 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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1 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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160000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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1580 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Volatile | ||||||||
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28.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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Fate indices |
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246 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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> 1405 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus3 = Unverified data of known source |
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999.7 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as product corr3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 100 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as product3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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3221 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1783.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.702 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Pimephales promelas3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.421 | A3 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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4.08 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Scenedesmus subspicatus Growth5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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Low (class I) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 5000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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85 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Acceptable for proposed uses | |||||||||
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Acceptable for proposed uses | ||||||||||
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Rapidly excreted (2-3 days) majority in urine & less than 10% in faeces | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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No further information available |
Handling issues |
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Flammable Not explosive or oxidising |
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Health: H317 | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-Limonen | ||
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D-limonen | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonene | ||
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D-limonen | ||
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dipenteen | ||
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Record last updated: | 23/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |