Permethrin (Ref: OMS 1821) |
Last updated: 24/10/2024 |
(Also known as: permethrine) |
SUMMARY |
Permethrin is a contact insecticide. It is not highly soluble in water, has a low volatility and is not normally expected to leach to groundwater. It would also not be expected to persist in soil or water systems. It is moderately toxic to humans, is an irritant and may be a CNS toxicant. It is highly toxic to most aquatic species and honeybees but is not highly toxic to birds or earthworms. |
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A general purpose pyrethroid insecticide used to control animal ectoparasites | |
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Current | |
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circa 1973, introduced | |
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Used to eradicate various ecoparasites including ticks, lice, fleas | |
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Cats; Dogs |
Approval status |
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Approved | |
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Approved |
Chemical structure |
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Permethrin is a chiral molecule presenting two forms, the cis and the trans isomers. | |
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C₂₁H₂₀Cl₂O₃ | |
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CC1(C(C1C(=O)OCC2=CC(=CC=C2)OC3=CC=CC=C3)C=C(Cl)Cl)C | |
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- | |
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RLLPVAHGXHCWKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C21H20Cl2O3/c1-21(2)17(12-18(22)23)19(21)20(24)25-13-14-7-6-10-16(11-14)26-15-8-4-3-5-9-15/h3-12,17,19H,13H2,1-2H3/t17-,19-/m0/s1 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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cispermethrin | Cis-isomer | |
transpermethrin | Trans-isomer |
General status |
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Insecticide, Antiparasitic, Veterinary hygiene | |
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Biocide, Wood preservative, Disinfectant, Embalming fluid | |
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Pyrethroid insecticide; Pyrethroid ester insecticide | |
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>=90% | |
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- | |
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Synthetic | |
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Broad spectrum with contact and stomach action. Slight repellant effect. Sodium channel modulator. | |
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[Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha, Blocker] | |
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52645-53-1 | |
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258-067-9 | |
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331 | |
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109701 | |
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40326 | |
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613-058-00-2 | |
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Antiparasitic products, insecticides & repellents: Ecoparasiticides, insecticides & repellents | |
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QP53AC04 | |
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No | |
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Allowed substance (Table 1: Bovine) | |
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391.29 | |
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- | |
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3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS;1RS,3SR)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | |
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(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate | |
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Chemical subject to PIC regulations; Some applications may be approved under GB Biocides Products Regulations | |
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UK statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life: freshwater and saltwater: 0.01 µg l⁻¹ | |
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Colourless crystalline solid to brown viscous liquid depending upon purity |
Formulations |
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Advantix Spot-on Solution | Elanco Europe Ltd | GB National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by a veterinarian (POM-V) | ||||||
Beaphar Soft Cat Flea Collar | Sinclair Animal and Household Care Ltd | UK National authorisation | Authorised veterinary medicine for general sale (AVM-GSL) | |||||||
Dysect Cattle Pour-on Solution | Zoetis UK Ltd | UK National authorisation | Authorised veterinary medicine for general sale (AVM-GSL) | |||||||
Z-Itch Pour-on Solution | Floris Holding B.V. | GB National authorisation | Authorised veterinary medicine for general sale (AVM-GSL) | |||||||
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Usually formulated for topical application e.g. spot-on products |
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0.011 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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1000000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Hexane3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
258000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Methanol3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | |||||||||
1000000 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Xylene3 = Unverified data of known source |
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34.5 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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465.9 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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159.4 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
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1.26 X 1006 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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6.1 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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Soluble | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1.19 | E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
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0.007 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications at 25°C4 = Verified data |
Low volatility | ||||||||
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1.89 X 10-01 | H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Moderately volatile | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- |
Degradation |
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13 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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13 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
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42 | H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Moderately persistent | ||||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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1 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderately fast | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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31 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderately persistent | |||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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40 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Moderately fast | ||||||||
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23 | K4 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Slow | ||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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[Wheat grain: >50 wks @ 30 DegC, 50% RH; Modelled data], [Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): 3.6 days @ 25 DegC; 3.1 days @ 4 DegC; 36.5 days @ -18 DegC; Lab study] |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) 4 = Verified data |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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100000 | ||||||||||
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- | ||||||||||
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1.87 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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- | ||||||||||
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0.99 | ||||||||||
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Soil with 68% loam, 24% silt, 8% clay, pH 6.5, OC=2.1% | ||||||||||
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- |
Fate indices |
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-1.62 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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300 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators (Other literature Log BCF range 1.4-3.3 (R3))4 = Verified data |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 430 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat 2 yr2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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100 | - | |||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 9800 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Anas platyrhynchos4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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1440 | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low | ||||||||
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0.024 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Apis mellifera4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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0.13 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Apis mellifera4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 0.22 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Bombus terrestris3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | |||||||
Literature DT₅₀ values range 0.22-0.82 µg bee⁻¹ | |||||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
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0.29 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Osmia lignaria4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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0.0157 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Megachile rotundata4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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Contact | ||||||||||
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0.07 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Trigona spinipes4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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Contact | ||||||||||
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50 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Coccinella septempunctata Adult4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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> 10.5 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Chrysoperla carnea Larva4 = Verified data |
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Harmful | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Parasitic wasp2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
- | ||||||||
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Harmful | AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 Typhlodromus pyri2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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- | - | - |
Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.0125 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.000093 | P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Anabas testudineus3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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> 0.0017 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.0006 | E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets Daphnia magna3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 0.000001 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Ceriodaphnia dubia3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.00002 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Americamysis bahia3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.0029 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Chironomus riparius4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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0.0125 | K3 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) Unknown species3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.0009 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Unknown species2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
High | ||||||||
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- | - | - |
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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> 430 | G4 G = Extension Toxicology network database EXTOXNET. Available online but no longer updated. (click here ) Rat4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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2000 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rabbit4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
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> 0.685 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 429 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
Intravenous LD₅₀ = 31.0 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Rapidly metabolised by ester hydrolysis to inactive metabolites which are excreted primarily in the urine | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- |
Health issues |
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Harmful Estrogenic IARC Group 3 carcinogen - not classifiable; US EPA - weak evidence to suggest human carcinogen Endocrine issues - Inhibition of estrogen-sensitive cells proliferation |
Handling issues |
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IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 | |||
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Health: H302, H332, H335 Environment: H400, H410 |
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II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
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UN3077 | |||
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) | |||
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Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions. Shelf-life of 2 yrs. Store -20 DegC in an inert atmosphere |
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permethrin | ||
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permethrine | ||
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Permethrin | ||
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permethrin | ||
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permetrina | ||
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permetrin | ||
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permethrin | ||
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permetryna | ||
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permetrin | ||
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permetrin | ||
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permethrin | ||
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Record last updated: | 24/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |