Milbemycin A4 |
Last updated: 31/10/2024 |
(Not known by any other names) |
|
|
An active and the most dominant component of milbemectin with acaricidal activity and is used as an antibiotic drug. | |
---|---|---|
|
Current | |
|
1960, introduced Japan | |
|
- | |
|
- |
Approval status |
|
- | |
---|---|---|
|
- |
Chemical structure |
|
Milbemectin is a complex molecule with 10 chiral features. | |
---|---|---|
|
C₃₂H₄₆O₇ | |
|
CCC1C(CCC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(CC(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)C)C | |
|
CCC1C(CC[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/CC(/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)\C)C | |
|
VOZIAWLUULBIPN-DFYAAVTESA-N | |
|
InChI=1S/C32H46O7/c1-6-27-21(4)12-13-31(39-27)17-25-16-24(38-31)11-10-20(3)14-19(2)8-7-9-23-18-36-29-28(33)22(5)15-26(30(34)37-25)32(23,29)35/h7-10,15,19,21,24-29,33,35H,6,11-14,16-18H2,1-5H3/b8-7+,20-10+,23-9+/t19?,21?,24-,25+,26+,27?,28-,29-,31-,32-/m1/s1 | |
|
Yes |
General status |
|
- | |
---|---|---|
|
Micro-organism derived substance | |
|
617.5 g A4/kg milbemectin | |
|
EU 2017 dossier: None declared | |
|
Natural | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
[Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3, Agonist], [Gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) receptor subunit beta-3, Agonist] | |
|
51596-11-3 | |
|
- | |
|
660 | |
|
Not applicable | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
542.7 | |
|
- | |
|
(10E,14E,16E,22Z)-(1R,4S,5’S,6R,6’R,8R,13R,20R,21R,24S)-6-ethyl-21,24-dihydroxy-5’,11,13,22-tetramethyl-3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1. 14.8020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene-6-spiro-2’-tetrahydropyran-2-one | |
|
(6R,25R)-5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-6,28-epoxy-25-ethylmilbemycin B | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
White crystalline solid |
Formulations |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
- | - | - | - | ||||||
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
4.55 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
|
203000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Acetone for milbemectin4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
3450 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) n-Octanol for milbemectin4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
25900 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) o-Xylene for milbemectin4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
251000 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
|
191 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
Decomoposes before boiling | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
275 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
1.00 X 1007 | Calculated | - | |||||||
|
7.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 25 °C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
1.2 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
- | ||||||||
|
Not applicable | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
No dissociation | |||||||||||
|
1.3 X 10-02 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 25 °C4 = Verified data |
Low volatility | ||||||||
|
1.59 X 10-03 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
Neutral pH: 238nm=27400, 244nm=30100, 252nm=19500 Acid pH: 238nm=28500, 244nm=31300, 252nm=20300 Basic pH: 238nm=28500, 244nm=31200, 252nm=20200 |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
49.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- |
Degradation |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
36.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately persistent | |||||||
|
36.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately persistent | ||||||||
|
11.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-persistent | ||||||||
|
143 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Persistent | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
EU 2023 dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 20.3-81.8 days, DT₉₀ range 70.1-275 days, Soils =4; EU 2002 dossier field studies DT₅₀ range 10.0-12.9 days, soils =2 | ||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
2.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately fast | |||||||
|
pH variable: 0.93 days at pH5, 4.1days at pH9 | ||||||||||
|
|
260 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Persistent | |||||||
|
pH variable: 12 days at pH5, 226 days at pH9 as milbemectin | ||||||||||
|
86 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately fast | ||||||||
|
2.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately fast | ||||||||
|
As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
|
- |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
- | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
70636 | ||||||||||
|
Estimated | ||||||||||
|
|
60.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
|
2817 | ||||||||||
|
0.97 | ||||||||||
|
EU 2023 dossier Kf range 12.2-138 g/Kg, Kfoc range 1370-4059 g/Kg, 1/n range 0.875-1.04, Soils =4 | ||||||||||
|
None |
Fate indices |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.58 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
114 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Whole fish5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Not available | - |
Known soil metabolites |
|
|
|
|
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Major fraction | 0.341 | - | |||||
|
Major fraction | 0.118 | - |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
None
|
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
340 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
347 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
1922 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
28.5 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
0.217 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes Dose: 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil Milbemectin |
- | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | - | - | |||||||||
|
|
0.026 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera as milbemectin4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
|
0.40 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
> 9.7 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Bombus terrestris as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | |||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
> 10 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Bombus terrestris as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
> 1.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Coccinella septempunctata as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
> 27.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Chrysoperla carnea as milbemectin Larva5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
< 25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Aphidius rhopalosiphi as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
< 25 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Typhlodromus pyri as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Aquatic ecotoxicology |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0.044 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss as milbemectin4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
0.00065 | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss as milbemectin 88days4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.011 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
0.000012 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
> 0.62 | P3 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Lemna gibba IC503 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
> 2.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Selenastrum capricornutum as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - |
|
General |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
|
340 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
2000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
1.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat 4 hr (whole body) as Milbemycin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.007 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat SF=100 as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.03 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=100 as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.014 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=100 as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
0.014 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Dog SF=100 as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
2-19 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) concentration dependent as milbemectin5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
No acceptable risks identified | |||||||||
|
No unacceptable risks identified when using PPE/PPC | ||||||||||
|
Extensively metabolised and elimination is mainly faecal (85-100%) with some urinary: (5-9) % in 24 hrs | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- |
Health issues |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Possible liver, kidney, adrenals and uterus toxicant especially in vulnerable groups Possible CNS toxicant CLP data - suspected carcinogen |
Handling issues |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Not oxidising or explosive Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable |
|||
|
Health: H302, H332, H351, H361d, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
|||
|
Not listed (Not listed) | |||
|
- | |||
|
- | |||
|
- |
|
|
|
||
---|---|---|---|
|
milbemycin A4 | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- |
Record last updated: | 31/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |