Citronella oil |
Last updated: 29/08/2024
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(Also known as: citronella terpene ; essential oil of cymbopogon nardus; Oil of citronella) |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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A natural plant extract which exhibits fungicidal, insecticidal and herbicidal activity |
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Body lice; Gnats; Flies; Wasps; Dengue fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti); Ragwort |
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Grass: Rough areas; Greencover |
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Current |
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1948, USA registered; 1901, discovered |
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Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Poales; Family: Poaceae |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved |
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France/Czech Republic |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
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✓ |
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ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
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LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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Isomeric. (+)-Citronellol is the more common isomer in citronella oils. (−)-Citronellol is more prevailent in the oils of rose (18–55%) and Pelargonium geraniums. |
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C₁₀H₁₈O main component (~₃₈%) |
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Yes |
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Herbicide, Insecticide, Fungicide, Semiochemical |
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Plant-derived substance; Plant oil |
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Natural; Complex mixture |
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Broad spectrum, repellent and contact action. Its strong, distinctive odour makes it difficult for some pests to locate a host. |
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A plant essential oil obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Lemongrass Cymbopogon |
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Various techniques used including steam distillation of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) |
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Public hygiene applications; Public and amenity grass management |
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Body lice; Gnats; Flies; Wasps; Dengue fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti); Ragwort |
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Grass: Rough areas; Greencover |
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- |
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8000-29-1 |
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289-753-6 |
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021901 |
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154.25 |
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citronellal (3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal) + geraniol ((E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) + citronellol (3,7-dimethyl-6-octan-2-ol) + geranyl acetate (3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1yl acetate) |
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citronella oil Java type |
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FEMA=2308 |
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Not known |
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Not known |
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UNM |
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Not applicable |
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- |
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Colourless or light yellow liquid with sweet floral lemon odour |
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Barrier H |
Barrier Biotech Ltd |
Citronella Sticks |
PIC Corporation |
OFF! Citronella candle |
S.C. Johnson and Son Ltd |
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Available in a variety of formulations including ready to use sprays and spot-on products, candles, impregnated fabrics and lotions |
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na |
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200 |
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77 |
E3 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 3 = Unverified data of known source (closed cup) |
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0.885 |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.31 |
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Low volatility. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable |
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15 |
Citronella |
Non-persistent |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 4380 |
Rat |
Low |
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> 2250 |
Colinus virginianus |
Low |
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> 1000 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Expert judgement |
Low |
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> 100 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source Expert judgement |
Low |
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17.3 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
Moderate |
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26.4 |
Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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3.65 |
Selenastrum capricornutum for geraniol fraction |
Moderate |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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> 4380 |
Rat |
Low |
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2000 |
Rat |
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> 3.1 |
Rat |
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 713 mg kg⁻¹ |
Rat |
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0.5 |
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None allocated |
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Not applicable |
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0.05 |
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100 |
default |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 3 = Negative |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
?Possibly, status not identified |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
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A weak dermal sensitiser, may cause allergic dermatitis Low acute toxicity |
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Flammable Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 9 |
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Health: H315, H318, H334, H335 Environment: H411 |
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Not listed (Not listed) |
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UN3082 |
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Packaging Group III (minor danger) |
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citronella oil |
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Zitronell oel |
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citronellaolja |
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Record last updated: |
29/08/2024 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |