D-limonene |
Last updated: 23/10/2024
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(Also known as: dipentene; d-limonene; alpha-limonene; dipenol; orange oil; citrus extract) |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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An insect repellant with a strong citrus smell used alone or in combination with other insecticides mainly used for public health |
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Fleas; Ticks; Mosquito larvae |
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Animals; Humans |
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- |
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- |
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Current |
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1958, registered USA |
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- |
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Not approved in this pure form but approved as part of some plant oils |
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Not applicable |
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved in this pure form but approved as part of some plant oils |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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No |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
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  |
  |
✓ |
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  |
  |
  |
  |
ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
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  |
✓ |
  |
  |
  |
  |
✓ |
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LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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  |
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✓ |
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  |
  |
  |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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Limonene is isomeric with the D-form being the more commonly-occurring isomer in citrus |
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C₁₀H₁₆ |
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CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C |
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CC1=CC[C@@H](CC1)C(=C)C |
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XMGQYMWWDOXHJM-JTQLQIEISA-N |
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InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3 |
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Yes |
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Insecticide, Semiochemical, Veterinary substance, Metabolite, Other substance |
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Groundwater, Soil, Surface water |
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Biocide, Slimicide |
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Plant-derived substance |
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- |
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- |
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Natural |
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Odourous repellent |
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A compound found in high quantities in citrus fruits. |
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Manufactered commercially by extraction from orange peel with supercritical carbon dioxide |
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Public health applications |
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Fleas; Ticks; Mosquito larvae |
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Animals; Humans |
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Not normally used in agriculture production |
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5989-27-5 |
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227-813-5 |
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None allocated |
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- |
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- |
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136.23 |
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- |
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(R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene |
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(4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene |
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EC 2232/96 Annex 1 registered as food flavouring agent |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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UNM |
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Not applicable |
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- |
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Colourless to pale yellow liquid with citrus odour |
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Natural Mosquito and Bug Repellant |
Bma Inc, USA |
Orange Guard |
Orange Guard Inc |
MotherEarth ProCitra-DL |
BASF Speciality Chemicals |
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Usually suppled as ready-to-use formulations such as sprays and as emulsifiable concentrates, granules and impregnated collars |
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13.8 |
at 25 °C |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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-73.5 |
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- |
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175 |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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45 |
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- |
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1.70 X 1004 |
Calculated |
- |
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4.23 |
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High |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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1 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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- |
- |
- |
- |
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160000 |
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Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable |
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1580 |
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Volatile |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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28.5 |
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- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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- |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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- |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 |
Rat |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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> 1405 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ |
Colinus virginianus |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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999.7 |
as product corr |
Moderate |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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> 100 |
as product |
Low |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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3221 |
Aphidius rhopalosiphi |
- |
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1783.5 |
Typhlodromus pyri |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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0.702 |
Pimephales promelas |
Moderate |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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0.421 |
Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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4.08 |
Scenedesmus subspicatus Growth |
Moderate |
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- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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Low (class I) |
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- |
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> 5000 |
Rat |
Low |
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2000 |
Rat |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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- |
- |
- |
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None allocated |
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- |
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None allocated |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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None allocated |
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- |
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85 |
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- |
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- |
- |
- |
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Acceptable for proposed uses |
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Acceptable for proposed uses |
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Rapidly excreted (2-3 days) majority in urine & less than 10% in faeces |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A3 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; B3 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; C3 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 3 = Negative |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
?Possibly, status not identified |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
No data found |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
?Possibly, status not identified |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
  |
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No further information available |
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Flammable Not explosive or oxidising |
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Health: H317 |
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Not listed (Not listed) |
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- |
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D-limonene |
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D-limonene |
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D-Limonen |
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D-limonen |
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D-limonene |
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D-limonene |
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- |
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D-limonen |
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- |
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- |
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dipenteen |
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Record last updated: |
23/10/2024 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |