Orange oil |
Last updated: 18/07/2024
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(Also known as: D-limonene; orange essential oil) |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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An insect repellant with a strong citrus smell used alone or in combination with other insecticides |
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Fleas; Ticks; Mosquito larvae |
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Animals; Humans |
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- |
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Current |
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Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Sapindales; Family: Rutaceae |
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Approved |
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31/07/2029 |
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Approved |
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France/Czech Republic |
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31/12/2026 |
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No |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
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  |
✓ |
ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
✓ |
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✓ |
✓ |
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✓ |
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✓ |
LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
✓ |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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d-limonene has two optical isomers. D-limonene is the main consitutent of orange oil |
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Major constituent: C=C(\C1C/C=C(/C)CC1)C |
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Major constituent: InChI=1S/C10H16/c1-8(2)10-6-4-9(3)5-7-10/h4,10H,1,5-7H2,2-3H3 |
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No |
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Insecticide, Semiochemical, Adjuvant, Veterinary substance |
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Plant-derived substance; Plant oil |
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- |
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- |
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Natural; Complex mixture |
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Odourous repellent |
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Orange essential oil is extracted from the rind of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) |
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Manufactered commercially by extraction from orange peel with supercritical carbon dioxide |
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Public health applications |
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Fleas; Ticks; Mosquito larvae |
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Animals; Humans |
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- |
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8028-48-6 |
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232-433-8 |
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None allocated |
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- |
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- |
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218.33 |
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- |
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Major consitutent: (R)-4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene |
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Major consitituent: (4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene |
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EC 2232/96 Annex 1 registered as food flavouring agent |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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UNE |
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Not applicable |
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- |
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Yellow oily liquid with citrus odour comprised of a complex and variable mixture of d-limonene (~95%) plus alpha-pinene, sabinene, myrcene, linalool, citronellal, neral and geranial. |
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Natural Mosquito and Bug Repellant |
Bma Inc, USA |
Orange Guard |
Orange Guard Inc |
MotherEarth ProCitra-DL |
BASF Speciality Chemicals |
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Usually suppled as ready-to-use formulations such as sprays and as emulsifiable concentrates, granules and impregnated collars |
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13.8 |
at 25 °C |
Low |
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176 |
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443 |
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2.00 X 1005 |
Calculated |
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5.3 |
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High |
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1 |
Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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160000 |
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Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable |
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1580 |
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Volatile |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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Known groundwater metabolites |
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None
None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 |
Rat as limonene |
Low |
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> 1405 mg kg bw⁻¹ day⁻¹ |
Colinus virginianus |
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- |
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999.7 |
as product corr |
Moderate |
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> 100 |
as product |
Low |
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0.702 |
Pimephales promelas |
Moderate |
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- |
- |
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- |
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0.421 |
Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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4.08 |
Scenedesmus subspicatus Growth |
Moderate |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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Low (class I) |
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> 5000 |
Rat as limonene |
Low |
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2000 |
Rat |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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None allocated |
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85 |
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Acceptable for proposed uses |
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Acceptable for proposed uses |
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Rapidly excreted (2-3 days) majority in urine & less than 10% in faeces |
Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C3 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 3 = Negative ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E3 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 3 = Negative |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
?Possibly, status not identified |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
No data found |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
?Possibly, status not identified |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
?Possibly, status not identified |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
No data found |
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Major consitituent may be a skin sensitiser |
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Flammable Not explosive or oxidising |
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Health: H317; H315l H319 |
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Not listed (Not listed) |
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orange oil |
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Record last updated: |
18/07/2024 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |