Anthraquinone |
Last updated: 12/06/2024
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(Also known as: anthradione) |
Anthraquinone is a substance used as a bird repellent. It has a low aqueous solubility, volatile with a low risk of leaching to groundwater. it is non-persistent in soil but can be persistent in water under certain conditions. It shows a low mammalian toxicity but there are some concerns regarding its potential to bioaccumulate. No serious risks to human health have been reported. It is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms and earthworms. No data is available regarding the risk to honeybees. |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate |
Ecotoxicity |
Human health |
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Substance used primarily as a bird repellent formulated as a seed treatment |
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Birds such as rooks and crows |
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Agricultural cropping |
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1951, introdcued France; 1999, first registered USA |
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Not approved |
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Expired |
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved |
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Belgium |
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Expired |
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Not applicable |
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Yes |
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ATAustria |
BEBelgium |
BGBulgaria |
CYCyprus |
CZCzech Republic |
DEGermany |
DKDenmark |
EEEstonia |
ELGreece |
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ESSpain |
FIFinland |
FRFrance |
HRCroatia |
HUHungary |
IEIreland |
ITItaly |
LTLithuania |
LULuxembourg |
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LVLatvia |
MTMalta |
NLNetherlands |
PLPoland |
PTPortugal |
RORomania |
SESweden |
SISlovenia |
SKSlovakia |
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ISIceland |
NONorway |
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None |
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C₁₄H₈O₂ |
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C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O |
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No data |
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RZVHIXYEVGDQDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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InChI=1S/C14H8O2/c15-13-9-5-1-2-6-10(9)14(16)12-8-4-3-7-11(12)13/h1-8H |
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Yes |
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams |
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Common Name |
Relationship |
Link |
anthraquinone |
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Semiochemical |
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Plant-derived substance; Animal-derived susbtance |
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Natural |
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Non-toxc mode of action. It induces retching in birds and so deters attack |
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The anthraquinones occur widely in plants and also in a few animals. |
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It is prepared commercially by oxidation of anthracene or condensation of benzene and phthalic anhydride, followed by dehydration of the condensation product |
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Crop protection - bird repellent |
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Birds |
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Field crops |
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- |
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84-65-1 |
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201-549-0 |
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290 |
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122701 |
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6780 |
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208.21 |
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anthracene-9,10-dione |
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anthracene-9,10-dione |
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9,10-anthracenedione |
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Chemical subject to PIC regulations; PAN listed Highly Hazardous Chemical |
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- |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Not applicable |
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Yellow to green-grey crystals with a weak odour. |
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Usually supplied as a seed treatment |
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0.084 |
W4 W = French database provided by ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal. Dataset no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Low |
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2314 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Benzene |
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9030 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Chloroform |
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3520 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Ethanol |
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2598 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data Toluene |
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286 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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377 |
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185 |
(closed cup) |
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3.31 X 1003 |
Calculated |
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3.52 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
High |
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Soluble |
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies |
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1.44 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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7.4 |
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Weak acid |
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5.00 X 10-03 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Low volatility |
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3.50 X 10-05 |
C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Non-volatile |
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8 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-persistent |
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Best available data |
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Stable |
W4 W = French database provided by ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal. Dataset no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Stable |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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W3 W = French database provided by ARVALIS-Institut du Végétal. Dataset no longer available. 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slightly mobile |
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3215 |
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Best available data |
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None
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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> 5000 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat |
Low |
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L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat |
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15 |
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> 2000 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Coturnix japonica |
Low |
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> 1000 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Eisenia foetida |
Low |
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> 72 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Oncorhynchus mykiss |
Moderate |
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> 10 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Daphnia magna |
Moderate |
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> 0.942 |
Americamysis bahia |
Moderate |
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0.2 |
Lemna gibba 7 day |
Moderate |
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10 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Scenedesmus subspicatus |
Moderate |
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HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION |
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High (class III) |
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> 5000 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat |
Low |
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5000 |
L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source Rat |
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1.33 |
Rat 4 hr |
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Carcinogen |
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Endocrine disruptor |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
A0 A = Chromosome aberration (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; B0 B = DNA damage/repair (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; C0 C = Gene mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; D0 D = Genome mutation (EFSA database) 0 = No data ; E0 E = Unspecified genotoxicity type (miscellaneous data source) 0 = No data |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
Reproduction / development effects |
Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor |
Neurotoxicant |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
XNo, known not to cause a problem |
?Possibly, status not identified |
Respiratory tract irritant |
Skin irritant |
Skin sensitiser |
No data found |
✓Yes, known to cause a problem |
?Possibly, status not identified |
Eye irritant |
Phototoxicant |
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No data found |
No data found |
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IARC Group 2B carcinogen; CLP data - known human carcinogen May be harmful by ingestion, inhalation and through skin contact May cause dermatitis |
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No information available |
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Health: H350 |
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U (Unlikely to present an acute hazard) |
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anthraquinone |
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anthraquinone |
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Anthrachinon |
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anthraquinon |
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antrachinone |
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antraquinona |
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antrachinon |
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antrachinon |
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Record last updated: |
12/06/2024 |
Contact: |
aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: |
Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |