Endosulfan (Ref: OMS 570) |
Last updated: 21/08/2024 |
(Also known as: thiodan; benzoepin; FMC 5462; ENT 23979; thiosulfan) |
SUMMARY |
Endosulfan is an insecticide and acaricide. It has a low aqueous solubility and is volatile. Based on its chemical properties it may have a tendency to leach to groundwater. Endosulfan is moderately persistent in soil but does not tend to persist in water systems. It is highly toxic to mammals, a neurotoxin and possibly a mutagen. It is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees and earthworms but slightly more toxic to aquatic organisms. |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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An isomer mixture of alpha- and beta-endosulfan which is an insecticide and acaricide used to control sucking, chewing and boring insects | |
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Whiteflies; Aphids; Leafhoppers; Colorado beetle; Cabbage worms; Ticks; Mites; Tstetse flies. | |
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Vegetable crops; Cotton; Potatoes; Tomatoes; Apples | |
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- | |
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Current | |
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circa 1956, introduced |
UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Expired | ||
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No UK approval for use |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Expired | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Australia, USA |
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Chemical structure |
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A molecule with 4 chiral centres, endosulfan is is a mixture of the alpha- and beta-forms.The alpha isomer is considerably more toxic than the beta isomer. | |
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C₉H₆Cl₆O₃S | |
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C1C2C(COS(=O)O1)C3(C(=C(C2(C3(Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl | |
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C1[C@@H]2[C@H](COS(=O)O1)[C@@]3(C(=C([C@]2(C3(Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl | |
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RDYMFSUJUZBWLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C9H6Cl6O3S/c10-5-6(11)8(13)4-2-18-19(16)17-1-3(4)7(5,12)9(8,14)15/h3-4H,1-2H2 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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endosulfan | Beta-isomer | |
endosulfan sulphate | Variant |
General status |
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Insecticide, Acaricide | |
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Organochloride insecticide; Organochloride acaricide; Cyclodiene insecticide; Cyclodiene acaricide | |
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- | |
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- | |
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Synthetic | |
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Non-systemic with contact and stomach action. Non-competitive GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist. | |
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115-29-7 | |
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204-079-4 | |
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89 | |
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079401 | |
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3224 | |
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602-052-00-5 | |
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406.93 | |
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(5aE,6E,9E,9aE)-6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-one | |
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1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenebismethylene sulfite | |
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6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide | |
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POP chemical; OSPAR pfa/soc; WFD priority substance; Marine Pollutant; Global ban (2011); Subject to PIC regulations; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972 | |
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EU Directive 2008/105/EC EQS surface waters: annual average 0.005 µg l⁻¹; max measured 0.01 µg l⁻¹ UK Statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in inland waters, coastal and territorial waters: 0.003 µg l⁻¹ as annual average |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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2A | |
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Not applicable | |
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Many recorded cases, Aphis gossypii, Bemisia tabaci, Dasineura tetensi, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Myzus persicae, many others | |
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Colourless to brown coloured crystals |
Formulations |
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Supplied in a variety of formulations including emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules and dusts |
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0.32 | H4 H = The US ARS pesticide properties database. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
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200000 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Ethyl acetate4 = Verified data |
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65000 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Ethanol4 = Verified data |
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24000 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Hexane4 = Verified data |
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200000 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Toluene4 = Verified data |
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80 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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5.62 X 1004 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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4.75 | E4 E = Manufacturers safety data sheets 4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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Soluble | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1.8 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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0.83 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Low volatility. If applied directly to plants, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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1.48 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately volatile | ||||||||
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- | - | - |
Degradation |
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50 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderately persistent | |||||||
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39 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately persistent | ||||||||
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86 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderately persistent | ||||||||
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EU dossier lab studies DT₅₀ range 28-50 days, field studies DT₅₀ range 62-126 days for summer applications, 68-87 days for autumn applications (UK); FAO state DT₅₀ 60-800 days | ||||||||||
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3.7 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.1-5.5 days, 19 field crops, various matrices, n=23 | ||||||||||
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4.2 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 0.4-14.5 days, 19 field & undercover grown crops, various matrices, n=43 | ||||||||||
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20 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. 4 = Verified data |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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[Wheat grain (dried): ~85 days @ ~25 DegC, ~80% RH; Lab study] |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Non-mobile | |||||||
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11500 | ||||||||||
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0.28 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Mobile | |||||||
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18.6 | ||||||||||
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0.558 | ||||||||||
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Literature data Kf range 0.08-0.52 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 5.7-38.5 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.500-0.648, soils=4 | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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5.28 | Calculated | High leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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5.86 X 1000 | Calculated | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Medium | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Non-mobile | Calculated | - | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2755 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Whole fish (Literature values log BCF range 1.0-3.7 (R3))4 = Verified data |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known soil metabolites |
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Minor fraction | - | CAS no: 3868-61-9 |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
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endosulfan sulfate | - | Human kidney; Rat | - | ||||
endosulfan lactone | - | Human kidney; Rat | - | ||||
endosulfan-diol | - | Human kidney; Rat | - | ||||
alpha-hydroxyendosulfan ether | - | Animal | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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38 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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- | L2 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat 2 yr2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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15 | - | |||||||||
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> 111 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Anas platyrhynchos3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 14 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Eisenia foetida4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 7.81 | C4 C = AGRITOX dataset. Dataset is no longer available. Apis mellifera4 = Verified data |
Moderate | |||||||
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> 15.6 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Apis mellifera 24 hr3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 1.72 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Bombus terrestris4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.210 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Trigona spinipes4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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Contact | ||||||||||
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Harmless | AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 Chrysoperla carnea2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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- | - | - |
Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.002 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.0000005 | P4 P = Other non-EU, UK or US Governments and Regulators Cyprinodon variegatus 28 day4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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> 0.0013 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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0.44 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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> 0.03 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Ceriodaphnia dubia4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.24 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Americamysis bahia4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.1 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Chironomus riparius 2 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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5.22 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Chironomus dilutus 10 day LC₅₀3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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- | - | - | ||||||||
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2.15 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Anabaena doliolum4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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38 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
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500 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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0.013 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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0.006 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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0.02 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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List II | - | - | ||||||||
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Excretion rapid as metabolites | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Health issues |
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Mutagenic potential Highly toxic Research shows that endosulfan interferes with the spermatogenic & steroidogenic cycles in rats Endocrine issues - Competitive binding to androgen receptors |
Handling issues |
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Corrosive IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 |
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Health: H300, H312, H330 Environment: H400, H410 |
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II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
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UN2811 | |||
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Packaging Group II (moderate danger) | |||
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Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions |
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endosulfan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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Endosulfan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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endosulphan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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endoszulfan | ||
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endosulfan | ||
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Record last updated: | 21/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |