Ivermectin |
Last updated: 26/08/2024 |
(Also known as: 22,23-dihyroavermectin B1) |
|
|
A common veterinary antiparasitic medication for the treatment of certain internal and external parasites | |
---|---|---|
|
Current | |
|
mid 1980s, introduced as an anthelmintic. | |
|
Traditionally used against worms (except tapeworms) but more recently found to be effective against many species of mites and lice | |
|
Cattle; Pigs; Sheep; Horses |
Approval status |
|
Approved | |
---|---|---|
|
Approved |
Chemical structure |
|
Chiral molecules. Technical substance contains a mixture of 90% of 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1b (B1a) and about 10% of 5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-22,23-dihydro 25–(1-methylethyl)avermectin (B1b) | |
---|---|---|
|
C₄₈H₇₄O₁₄ + C₄₇H₇₂O₁₄ | |
|
CCC(C)C1C(CCC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C | |
|
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H]1[C@H](CC[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/[C@H]([C@H](/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O6)C)O[C@H]7C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O7)C)O)OC)OC)\C)C | |
|
AZSNMRSAGSSBNP-XPNPUAGNSA-N | |
|
InChI=1S/C48H74O14.C47H72O14/c1-11-25(2)43-28(5)17-18-47(62-43)23-34-20-33(61-47)16-15-27(4)42(26(3)13-12-14-32-24-55-45-40(49)29(6)19-35(46(51)58-34)48(32,45)52)59-39-22-37(54-10)44(31(8)57-39)60-38-21-36(53-9)41(50)30(7)56-38;1-24(2)41-27(5)16-17-46(61-41)22-33-19-32(60-46)15-14-26(4)42(25(3)12-11-13-31-23-54-44-39(48)28(6)18-34(45(50)57-33)47(31,44)51)58-38-21-36(53-10)43(30(8)56-38)59-37-20-35(52-9)40(49)29(7)55-37/h12-15,19,25-26,28,30-31,33-45,49-50,52H,11,16-18,20-24H2,1-10H3;11-14,18,24-25,27,29-30,32-44,48-49,51H,15-17,19-23H2,1-10H3/b13-12+,27-15+,32-14+;12-11+,26-14+,31-13+/t25-,26+,28+,30+,31+,33-,34?,35+,36+,37+,38?,39+,40-,41+,42+,43-,44+,45-,47-,48-;25-,27-,29-,30-,32+,33?,34-,35-,36-,37?,38-,39+,40-,41+,42-,43-,44+,46+,47+/m10/s1 | |
|
Yes |
General status |
|
Insecticide, Acaricide, Antihelmintic | |
---|---|---|
|
Avermectin substance | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
Semi-synthetic | |
|
Broad spectrum, Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator. Induces flaccid paralysis in parasitic nematodes, in vitro. | |
|
[Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3, Agonist], [Gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) receptor subunit beta-3, Agonist] | |
|
70288-86-7 | |
|
71827-03-7 | |
|
274-536-0 | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
- | |
|
Antiparasitic products, insecticides & repellents: Endectocides; Sensory organs: Otologicals | |
|
QP54AA01; QS02QA03 | |
|
No | |
|
Allowed substance (Table 1: Mammalian food species) | |
|
861.1 | |
|
- | |
|
ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a + 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b) | |
|
ivermectin | |
|
- | |
|
UK Environment Agency non-statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in fresh surface water: 0.0001 µg l⁻¹ as annual average, 0.001 µg l⁻¹ as max acceptable conc. UK Environment Agency non-statutory standard for the protection of aquatic life in salt water: 0.001 µg l⁻¹ as annual average, 0.01 µg l⁻¹ as max acceptable conc. |
|
|
Off-white coloured, slightly hydroscopic powdery solid | |
|
Formulations |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Alomec Oral Paste | Virbac | UK National authorisation (IC) | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | ||||||
Animec Pour-on Solution | Chanelle Animal Health Ltd | GB National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
Bimectin Solution for Injection | Bimeda Animal health Ltd | UK National authorisation | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
Enovex 0.5% Pour-on Solution for Cattle | Norbrooks Labs | UK National authorisation (IC) | Prescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |||||||
|
Available in a variety of formulations including solutions for injection, orals pastes and gels, and pour-on products |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
4.0 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
Low | ||||||||
|
30000 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Butanol4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
155 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
In methanol: 238nm = 27100, 245nm = 30100 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
Enviornmental releases of parent and metabolites is possible via faeces, urine and manure of treated animals |
Degradation |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
112 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Persistent | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
General literature states DT₅₀ range 7 to 240 days | ||||||||||
|
>45 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Other data; DT₅₀ 6 days dung; 7-14 days soil/faeces mix; USEPA: Soil/faeces mix DT₅₀ 100-200 days4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
|
1 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Moderately fast | |||||||
|
DT₅₀ range 12hrs to 39hrs, temp dependent | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
|
- |
Soil adsorption and mobility |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
- | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Non-mobile | |||||||
|
14150 | ||||||||||
|
Koc range 12600-15700 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- |
Fate indices |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
-0.31 | Calculated | Low leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
- | - |
Known soil and groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
|
|
|
|
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
24-hydroxymethyl ivermectin | - | Cattle | - | ||||
3”-O-desmethyl ivermectin | - | Cattle | - |
|
Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
29.5 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
85 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Anas platyrhynchos3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
315 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Eisenia foetida 28 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
12 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | - | - | |||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
- | |||||||||||
|
|
0.025 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Osmia lignaria4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
|
- | - | - | |||||||
|
- | ||||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - |
Aquatic ecotoxicology |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
3.0 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Oncorhynchus mykiss4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
0.000025 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Daphnia magna4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
< 0.001 | R3 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Chlorella pyrenoidosa 14 day3 = Unverified data of known source |
High | ||||||||
|
|
- | - | - |
|
- | - | - |
|
General |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
|
29.5 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
|
660 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 55 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | ||||||||
Intravenous TDLo = 0.571 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Human3 = Unverified data of known source |
- | |||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
- | - | - | ||||||||
|
|
- | |||||||||
|
May be absorbed through the skin | ||||||||||
|
Ivermectin excreted in faeces of treated cattle with little metabolism | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) 4 = Verified data |
- |
Health issues |
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
May cause swollen lymph glands, dizziness, hypotension, fever and myalgia Posible liver toxicant |
Handling issues |
|
|
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
No information available | |||
|
- | |||
|
Not listed (Not listed) | |||
|
- | |||
|
- | |||
|
Stable for around 6 months when stored under ambient conditions |
|
|
|
||
---|---|---|---|
|
ivermectin | ||
|
ivermectine | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
ivermectino | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- | ||
|
- |
Record last updated: | 26/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |