Lindane (Ref: OMS 17) |
Last updated: 23/10/2024 |
(Also known as: gamma-HCH; HCH; gamma-BHC; gamma-HKhTsH; ENT 8601; pesticide 666) |
SUMMARY |
Lindane in an insecticide and acaricide. It has a low aqueous solubility by is readily soluble in organic solvents. It is quite volatile and has a high potential for leaching to groundwater. It can be very persistent in soil and water systems. Lindane is moderately toxic to mammals and may be a neurotoxin. It is also a recognised irritant. It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most other species. |
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An obsolete organochlorine antiparasitic topical medication | |
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Current but banned in many countries since 2010 | |
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1825, first prepared; circa 1945, introduced | |
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Once used to treat parasites such as lice, ticks and fleas | |
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Livestock; Domestic pets |
Approval status |
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Not approved | |
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Not approved |
Chemical structure |
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Lindane is the gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride which is a chiral molecule | |
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C₆H₆Cl₆ | |
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C1(C(C(C(C(C1Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl | |
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No data | |
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JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C6H6Cl6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-6H/t1-,2-,3-,4+,5+,6+ | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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lindane | - |
General status |
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Insecticide, Veterinary hygiene | |
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Organochloride insecticide; Organochloride acaricide; Organochloride rodenticide | |
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995 g/Kg | |
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- | |
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Synthetic | |
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Acts as stimulant to the nervous system with contact and stomach action. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist. | |
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[Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1, Antagonist], [Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1, Antagonist], [Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2, Antagonist], [Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3, Antagonist], [Glycine receptor subunit beta, Antagonist], [Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3], [Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1], [Progesterone receptor], [Estrogen receptor alpha], [Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2] | |
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58-89-9 | |
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210-168-9 / 200-401-2 | |
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488 | |
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009001 | |
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727 | |
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602-043-00-6 | |
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Antiparasitic products, insecticides & repellents: Chlorine containing products; Sensory organs: Antiparasitics | |
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QP53AB02 / QS02QA01 | |
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No | |
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- | |
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290.82 | |
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- | |
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1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β-hexachlorocyclohexane | |
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(1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane | |
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POP - Stockholm Convention; LRTAP Annex I; PAN Highly Hazardous Chemical; OSPAR pfap; Severe Marine Pollutant; Rotterdam Convention (Class II) - subject to PIC regulations | |
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UK Environment Agency non-statutory standard for the protection of shellfish for human consumption in saltwater: 100 mg l⁻¹ | |
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Colourless crystals |
Formulations |
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8.52 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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435000 | B4 B = UK CRD and ACP Evaluation Documents / and other DEFRA (UK) documents; Also Chemicals Regulation Division, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK (click here ) Acetone4 = Verified data |
- | ||||||||
289000 | B4 B = UK CRD and ACP Evaluation Documents / and other DEFRA (UK) documents; Also Chemicals Regulation Division, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK (click here ) Benzene4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
357000 | B4 B = UK CRD and ACP Evaluation Documents / and other DEFRA (UK) documents; Also Chemicals Regulation Division, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK (click here ) Ethyl acetate4 = Verified data |
- | |||||||||
29000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Methanol5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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112.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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323.4 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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200 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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3.16 X 1003 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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3.50 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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Soluble | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | |||||||
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Regulatory data - observed in metabolism and farm animal feeding studies | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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1.88 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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4.4 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low volatility. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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1.483 X 10-06 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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No absorption above 290nm in neutral medium | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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72.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Degradation |
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980 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Very persistent | |||||||
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980 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Very persistent | ||||||||
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148 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Persistent | ||||||||
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523 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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EU dossier Field studies DT₉₀ range 42-390 days, DT₉₀ range 75-971 days; Other sources: DT₅₀ 400 days (DW4) | ||||||||||
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28 | K3 K = Research datasets (e.g. Pandora, Demetra; these datasets no longer available). Norman Ecotoxicology database. (click here ) 3 = Unverified data of known source |
Slow | |||||||
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732 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) at 25°C5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Very persistent | |||||||
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DT₅₀ 752 days at pH 5, 182 days at pH 9 all at 25°C | ||||||||||
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394 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Stable | ||||||||
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21 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Slow | ||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Slightly mobile | |||||||
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1270 | ||||||||||
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EU dossier Koc range 871-1671 mL g⁻¹ | ||||||||||
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15.9 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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477 | ||||||||||
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0.957 | ||||||||||
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Literature data: Kf range 1.4-48.4 mL g⁻¹, Kfoc range 46.2-866.2 mL g⁻¹, 1/n range 0.85-1.02, Soils=6 | ||||||||||
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None |
Fate indices |
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2.87 | Calculated | High leachability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1300 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) (Other literature values log BCF range 1.6-3.1 (R3))5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Threshold for concern | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not available | - |
Known soil metabolites |
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- | - | Bioaccumulates | |||||
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- | - | Toxic, persistent | |||||
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- | - | Highly toxic, highly persistent |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
None
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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163 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.3 | B5 B = UK CRD and ACP Evaluation Documents / and other DEFRA (UK) documents; Also Chemicals Regulation Division, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK (click here ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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4 | - | |||||||||
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122 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Colinus virginianus5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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695 mg kg feed⁻¹ | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Anas platyrhynchos5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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68 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Eisenia foetida5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect Carbon mineralisation: No significant adverse effect |
A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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0.23 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | |||||||
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0.011 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Apis mellifera5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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0.133 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications Trigona spinipes4 = Verified data |
High | |||||||
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Contact | ||||||||||
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Harmless | AA2 AA = IOBC Database on classification of side effects to beneficial organisms, 2005 Chrysoperla carnea2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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0.0029 | B5 B = UK CRD and ACP Evaluation Documents / and other DEFRA (UK) documents; Also Chemicals Regulation Division, Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK (click here ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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2.9 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 0.07 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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1.6 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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54.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia magna5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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> 0.025 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Ceriodaphnia dubia4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.0063 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Americamysis bahia4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.04 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Chironomus riparius4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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0.027 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Lemna gibba4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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2.5 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Scenedesmus abundans4 = Verified data |
Moderate | ||||||||
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1.9 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Unknown species2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Low | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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163 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Rat5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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900 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.56 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat 4 hr3 = Unverified data of known source |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
- | ||||||||
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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None allocated | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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List I; List II | - | - | ||||||||
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PPE and PPC should be worn | ||||||||||
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Metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes and rapidly eliminated via urine | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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Highly toxic May cause dermatitis May cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, seizures, muscle tremors and hyperreflexia US EPA - weak evidence to suggest possible human carcinogen; US NTP - suspected carcinogen; OSHA - anticipated human carcinogen Endocrine issues - Reduction of oestrous cycles |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 |
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Health: H301, H312, H332, H362, H373 Environment: H400, H410 |
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II (Moderately hazardous) | |||
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UN2761 | |||
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lindane | ||
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Gamma-HCH | ||
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gamma-HCH | ||
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lindan | ||
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lindano | ||
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lindano | ||
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gamma-HCH | ||
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lindaan | ||
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Record last updated: | 23/10/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |