Epinephrine acid tartrate |
![]() Last updated: 16/09/2025 |
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(Also known as: (-)-epinephrine bitartrate; adrenaline bitartrate) |
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Epinephrine is widely used drug for anaphylactoid shock | |
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Primarily used to treat anaphylaxis and for cardiac resuscitation | |
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Dogs; Cats; Other domesticated animals; Cattle; Horses; Pigs; Sheep |
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Approved - usually available as aprescription only medicine to be authorised by suitably qualified person (POM-VPS) | |
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Approved |
Chemical structure |
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Epinephrine acid tartrate exhibits chiral isomerism, primarily due to the presence of a stereocentre at the beta-carbon of the side chain attached to the catechol ring. This chiral centre allows for the existence of two enantiomers: (R)-epinephrine and (S)-epinephrine. The biologically active form is the (R)-enantiomer, also known as (-)-epinephrine, which is naturally produced by the adrenal glands. The tartrate component, derived from tartaric acid, is itself chiral and typically used in its L-form, forming a salt that enhances the compound’s solubility and stability. | |
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C₁₃H₁₉NO₉ | |
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CNCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O.C(C(C(=O)O)O)(C(=O)O)O | |
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CNC[C@@H](C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O.C(C(C(=O)O)O)(C(=O)O)O | |
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YLXIPWWIOISBDD-FVGYRXGTSA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C9H13NO3.C4H6O6/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6;5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3;1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/t9-;/m0./s1 | |
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Yes |
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Common Name | Relationship | Link |
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epinephrine | Parent | ![]() |
General status |
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Medicinal drug | |
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Hormone | |
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Unclassified medicinal drug; Hornone | |
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Synthetic | |
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Antagonizes the effects of histamine, raises blood sugar, increases heart rate and contractility, and increases systolic blood pressure. | |
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[Adrenergic receptors] | |
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51-42-3 | |
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200-097-1 | |
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6852374 | |
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Multiple therapeutic classes | |
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QA01AD01; QB02BC09; QC01CA03; QC01CA24; QR01AA14; QR03AA01; QR03AK01; QS01EA01; QS01EA51 | |
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333.29 | |
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2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol | |
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Commercial |
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Current | |||
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Circa 1890, discovered & isolated; 2016, first approvals UK | |||
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Usually formulated as solutions for injection but also as cutaneous sprays for topical use | |||
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The production of epinephrine acid tartrate begins with the synthesis of pure (-)-epinephrine, which is typically achieved through either resolution of racemic epinephrine or asymmetric synthesis using chiral catalysts to ensure high enantiomeric purity. Once the active base is obtained, it is reacted with L-(+)-tartaric acid in a controlled aqueous or ethanolic solution to form the acid tartrate salt. | |||
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Published GHG data is not available for most pharmaceuticals. However, according to industry, global averages suggest producing 1 kg of a typical active pharmaceutical ingredient can range from 10 to 100 kg CO₂e for small molecule drugs and potentially up to 1000 kg CO₂e for complex biologicals such as vaccines, depending on the drug type, its formulation, complexity of synthesis, solvent recovery, and energy sources used. |
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Fate indices |
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Known metabolites |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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General |
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90 | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Excreted rapidly in urine | Q3 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Health issues |
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No information available |
Handling issues |
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When heated to decomposition it will emit toxic fumes Combustible IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 |
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Health: H301, H311, H315, H319, H335 | |||
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Not listed (Not listed) | |||
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UN2811 | |||
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Packaging Group II (moderate danger) | |||
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Chemically stable under standard ambient conditions |
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epinephrine acid tartrate | ||
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Record last updated: | 16/09/2025 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |