Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamaldehyde	Last updated: 24/04/2025
(Also known as: trans-cinnamaldehyde; cinnamic aldehyde; cinnamaldehyde; phenylacrolein; cinnamon oil; cinnamal; CEPBIO-CCF)

Data alerts

The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.

Environmental fate	Ecotoxicity	Human health
Environmental fate Moderate alert: Drainflow: Moderately mobile	Ecotoxicity Moderate alert: Fish acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia acute ecotoxicity: Moderate; Daphnia chronic ecotoxicity: Moderate; Bees acute oral ecotoxicity: Moderate; Earthworms acute ecotoxicity: Moderate	Human health Low alert Warning: Significant data are missing

GENERAL INFORMATION

Description

Multi-action pesticide used to control downy mildew, powdery mildew, aphids and mites. Also used as a mammal repellant.

Example pests controlled

Dry bubble (Verticillium fungicola (Preuss) Hassebrauk; Dollar spot; Pitch canker; Various Verticillium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium species, Dogs and cats (as repellent)

Example applications

Mushrooms; Row crops; Ornamentals; Turf; Pine forests; Horticultural crops; Non-cultivated areas; Viticulture; Tomatoes

Efficacy & activity

Appearance and life cycle

Availability status

Current

Introduction & key dates

1994, first registered USA

Taxonomic classification

GB regulatory status

GB COPR regulatory status

Not approved

Date COPR inclusion expires

Expired

GB LERAP status

No UK approval for use as a pesticide

EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414)

EC Regulation 1107/2009 status

Pending

Dossier rapporteur/co-rapporteur

Netherlands

Date EC 1107/2009 inclusion expires

Expired

EU Candidate for substitution (CfS)

Not applicable

Listed in EU database

Yes

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 in the following EU Member States

ATAustria	BEBelgium	BGBulgaria	CYCyprus	CZCzech Republic	DEGermany	DKDenmark	EEEstonia	ELGreece

ESSpain	FIFinland	FRFrance	HRCroatia	HUHungary	IEIreland	ITItaly	LTLithuania	LULuxembourg

LVLatvia	MTMalta	NLNetherlands	PLPoland	PTPortugal	RORomania	SESweden	SISlovenia	SKSlovakia

Approved for use (✓) under EC 1107/2009 by Mutual Recognition of Authorisation and/or national regulations in the following EEA countries

ISIceland	NONorway

Additional information

Known to be also used in the following countries

Morocco

Chemical structure

Isomerism

Cinnamaldehyde has two isomers, cis and trans. The trans (E) isomer is the most predominate in nature.

Chemical formula

C₈H₈O

Canonical SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC=O

Isomeric SMILES

C1=CC=C(C=C1)/C=C/C=O

International Chemical Identifier key (InChIKey)

KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-QPJJXVBHSA-N

International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

InChI=1S/C9H8O/c10-8-4-7-9-5-2-1-3-6-9/h1-8H/b7-4+

2D structure diagram/image available?

Yes

Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre diagrams

Common Name	Relationship	Link
cinnamaldehyde	-

General status

Biopesticide type

Fungicide, Insecticide, Semiochemical, Other substance

Other bioactivity & uses

Biocide, Disinfectant, Algicide

Substance groups

Plant-derived substance

Minimum active substance purity

970 g kg⁻¹

Known relevant impurities

EFSA 2025: None declared

Substance origin

Natural

Mode of action

Absorbed via root system. Contact action, Non-systemic, Odour also acts as a repellent for some insects and mammals

Substance source

Substance occurs as the major component of oil found in cassia plants (Cassia tora)

Substance production

Cinnamaldehyde is primarily produced through two main methods. The most common method is steam distillation which involves heating cinnamon bark/seeds to produce steam, which carries the volatile cinnamaldehyde into a condenser where it is collected. Alternatively, it can be synthesised in a process which involves the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde, followed by catalytic hydrogenation to produce cinnamaldehyde.

Uses

Crop protection; animal insecticide

Target pests

Dry bubble (Verticillium fungicola (Preuss) Hassebrauk; Dollar spot; Pitch canker; Various Verticillium, Rhizoctonia and Pythium species, Dogs and cats (as repellent

Target host

Mushrooms; Row crops; Ornamenatls; Turf; Pine forests; Horticultural crops

Farming system suitability

Suitable for use in all farming systems where approved for use in that country

CAS RN

104-55-2

Alternative/old CAS RN

14371-10-9

EC number

203-213-9

CIPAC number

None allocated

US EPA chemical code

040506

PubChem CID

Molecular mass

132.16

PIN (Preferred Identification Name)

(2E)-3-phenylacrylaldehyde

IUPAC name

(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enal

CAS name

(E)-3-phenyl-2-propenal

Other status information

Relevant Environmental Water Quality Standards

Herbicide Resistance Class (HRAC MoA class)

Not applicable

Herbicide Resistance Class (WSSA MoA class)

Not applicable

Insecticide Resistance Class (IRAC MoA class)

Not known

Fungicide Resistance Class (FRAC MOA class)

Not applicable

Examples of recorded resistance

Physical state

Pale yellow oily liquid

Related substances & organisms

cinnamon oil

Can be a metabolite of:

Parent

Formation medium

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

1107/2009 relevancy

cinnamyl acetate

Soil

Major fraction

Formulations

Property

Product

Manufacturer

Example products

Vertigo Fungicide

Monterey

Cinnacure A3005

Proguard

Formulation and application details

Usually supplied as a wettable powder or emulsifiable concentrate

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Solubility - In water at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

1130

High

Solubility - In organic solvents at 20 °C (mg l⁻¹)

250000

Methanol

250000

Ethyl acetate

250000

Acetone

13500

n-Heptane

Melting point (°C)

-6.7

Boiling point (°C)

250.4

Degradation point (°C)

No decomposition below boiling point

Flashpoint (°C)

Octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7, 20 °C

1.20 X 10⁰²

Calculated

Log P

2.08

at 25 °C

Low

Fat solubility of residues

Solubility

Data type

Density (g ml⁻¹)

1.05

Dissociation constant pKa) at 25 °C

Not applicable

No dissociation

Vapour pressure at 20 °C (mPa)

2620

Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable

Henry's law constant at 25 °C (Pa m³ mol⁻¹)

Volatilisation as max % of applied dose lost

From plant surface

From soil surface

Maximum UV-vis absorption L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹

pH 2: 291.3nm=22454, 224.3nm=9646, 220.4nm=9928
pH7: 282.5nm=17433, 225.1nm=7701nm, 220.3nm=11299
pH11: 290.9nm=26253, 224.6nm=13485, 219.3nm=14843

Surface tension (mN m⁻¹)

48.85

at 20°C 99.3% soln

Degradation

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

General biodegradability

Readily biodegradable

Soil degradation (days) (aerobic)

DT₅₀ (typical)

0.01

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.009

Non-persistent

DT₅₀ (field)

DT₉₀ (lab at 20 °C)

0.04

Non-persistent

DT₉₀ (field)

DT₅₀ modelling endpoint

Note

EU 2024 dossiers, Lab studies DT₅₀ (normalised) range 0.009-0.012 days, DT₉₀ (measured) range 0.0065-0.074 days, Soils=4

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on plant matrix

Value

Note

Dissipation rate RL₅₀ (days) on and in plant matrix

Value

Note

Aqueous photolysis DT₅₀ (days) at pH 7

Value

Note

Aqueous hydrolysis DT₅₀ (days) at 20 °C and pH 7

Value

Stable

Note

Stable at all environmentally relevant pH values

Water-sediment DT₅₀ (days)

Water phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Sediment phase only DT₅₀ (days)

Air degradation

As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below.

Decay in stored produce DT₅₀

Soil adsorption and mobility

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Linear

K_d (mL g⁻¹)

Moderately mobile

K_oc (mL g⁻¹)

341

Notes and range

Estimated

Freundlich

K_f (mL g⁻¹)

2.6

Moderately mobile

K_foc (mL g⁻¹)

197.5

¹/_n

0.94

Notes and range

EU 2024 dossier; K_f range 1.707-3.22 mL g⁻¹, K_foc range 151.2-254.8 mL g⁻¹, ¹/_n range 0.94, Soils=3

pH sensitivity

None

Known soil metabolites

Metabolite

Major/Minor fraction

$Click here for further information on Major/Minor fraction$

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

Notes

cinnamic acid

Major fraction

0.999

Cinnamic acid

Known groundwater metabolites

Metabolite

EC SANCO/221/2000 relevancy

ADI (mg kg⁻¹ bodyweight day⁻¹)

WHO drinking water guidance value (μg L⁻¹ day⁻¹)

cinnamic acid

Not relevant

Other known metabolites

Metabolite name and reference

Aliases

Formation medium / Rate

Estimated maximum occurrence fraction

cinnamic acid

(E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoic acid

Surface water; Sediment

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Terrestrial ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Short term dietary NOEL

(mg kg⁻¹)

(ppm diet)

Mammals - Chronic 21d NOAEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Birds - Acute LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5620

Anas platyrhynchos

Low

Birds - Short term dietary (LC₅₀/LD₅₀)

Birds - Chronic 21d NOEL (mg kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹)

Earthworms - Acute 14 day LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

536.12

Eisenia foetida

Moderate

Earthworms - Chronic NOEC, reproduction (mg kg⁻¹)

222.83

Eisenia foetida

Low

Soil micro-organisms

Nitrogen mineralisation: No significant adverse effect

Dose 13.3 g kg⁻¹ soil 25 days

Collembola

Acute LC₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

Chronic NOEC (mg kg⁻¹)

21.0

Folsomia candida

Non-target plants

5.97

-
Vegetative vigour, ER₅₀
A5 Cucumber

Honeybees (Apis spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 100

Apis mellifera

Low

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

> 49.5

Apis mellifera

Moderate

Unknown mode acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Chronic

Notes

Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Mason bees (Osmia spp.)

Contact acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Oral acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg bee⁻¹)

Other bee species (1)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Other bee species (2)

Acute LD₅₀ (worst case from 24, 48 and 72 hour values - μg insect⁻¹)

Mode of exposure

Beneficial insects (Ladybirds)

Beneficial insects (Lacewings) as ER₅₀ Mortality L/ha

> 29.7

Chrysoperla carnea

Beneficial insects (Parasitic wasps) as ER₅₀ Mortality L/ha

7.9

Aphidius rhopalosiphi

Beneficial insects (Predatory mites) as ER₅₀ Mortality L/ha

13.5

Typhlodromus pyri

Beneficial insects (Ground beetles)

Aquatic ecotoxicology

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 1.11

Oncorhychus mykiss

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Fish - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

Tropical Freshwater Fish - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

6.85

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Temperate Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Chronic 21 day NOEC (mg l⁻¹)

0.175

Daphnia magna

Moderate

Tropical Freshwater Aquatic invertebrates - Acute 48 hour EC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Aquatic crustaceans - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Acute 96 hour LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, static, water (mg l⁻¹)

Sediment dwelling organisms - Chronic 28 day NOEC, sediment (mg kg⁻¹)

Aquatic plants (free-floating, growth) - Acute 7 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

0.621

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Moderate

Aquatic plants (rooted, growth) - Acute 14 day EC₅₀, biomass (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Acute 72 hour EC₅₀, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Algae - Chronic 96 hour NOEC, growth (mg l⁻¹)

Mesocosm study data

NOEAEC mg l⁻¹

Marine bivalves

HUMAN HEALTH AND PROTECTION

General

Property

Value

Source; quality score; and other information

Interpretation

Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class)

Low (class I)

Mammals - Acute oral LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹)

> 5000

Rat

Low

Mammals - Dermal LD₅₀ (mg kg⁻¹ body weight)

2000

Rat

Mammals - Inhalation LC₅₀ (mg l⁻¹)

> 3.32

Rat 4 hr (nose only)

Other Mammal toxicity endpoints

ADI - Acceptable Daily Intake (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

1.0

Rat SF=100

ARfD - Acute Reference Dose (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AAOEL - Acute Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

None allocated

AOEL - Acceptable Operator Exposure Level - Systemic (mg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹)

2.75

Rabbit SF=100

Dermal penetration studies (%)

Dangerous Substances Directive 76/464

Exposure Routes

Public

No unacceptable risks identified for proposed uses

Occupational

PPE recommended for operators with glasshouse application

Mammalian dose elimination route and rate

Extensive metabolism, rapid elimination within 24 hrs 70-90% in faeces, approx. 10% in urine

Health issues

Specific human health issues

Carcinogen

Genotoxic

Endocrine disruptor

; ; ; ;

No data found

Reproduction / development effects

Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor

Neurotoxicant

No data found

Respiratory tract irritant

Skin irritant

Skin sensitiser

Eye irritant

Phototoxicant

General human health issues

Toxic in large doses
May cause inflammation of the gastrointestinal system

Handling issues

Property

Value and interpretation

General

Not expected to auto-ignite; Not highly flammable
Not explosive or oxidising

CLP classification 2013

Health: H317, H319
Environment: H400, H411

WHO Classification

Not listed (Not listed)

UN Number

Waste disposal & packaging

Shelf-life, storage, stability and reactivity

TRANSLATIONS

Language

Name

English

cinnamaldehyde

French

German

Danish

Italian

Spanish

Greek

Polish

cynamoaldehyd

Swedish

Hungarian

Dutch

Norwegian

Record last updated:	24/04/2025
Contact:	aeru@herts.ac.uk
Please cite as:	Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242