Nicotine |
Last updated: 23/08/2024 |
(Not known by any other names) |
Data alerts |
The following alerts are based on the data in the tables below. An absence of an alert does not imply the substance has no implications for human health, biodiversity or the environment but just that we do not have the data to form a judgement.
Environmental fate | Ecotoxicity | Human health |
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Warning: Significant data are missing |
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A general purpose, plant-derived non-persistent insecticide | |
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Aphids; Thrips; Whiteflies | |
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Fruit; Vegetables; Grapes; Protected ornamentals | |
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Current | |
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pre-1940, introduced | |
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UK regulatory status |
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Not approved | ||
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Expired | ||
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Not applicable |
EC Regulation 1107/2009 (repealing 91/414) |
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Not approved | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Expired | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Not applicable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Additional information |
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Chemical structure |
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A chiral molecule. The technical material is a racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine. | |
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C₁₀H₁₄N₂ | |
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CN1CCCC1C2=CN=CC=C2 | |
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CN1CCC[C@H]1C2=CN=CC=C2 | |
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SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N | |
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InChI=1S/C10H14N2/c1-12-7-3-5-10(12)9-4-2-6-11-8-9/h2,4,6,8,10H,3,5,7H2,1H3/t10-/m0/s1 | |
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Yes |
General status |
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Insecticide | |
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Plant-derived substance; Alkaloid insecticide | |
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950 g kg⁻¹ | |
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EU dossier - None declared | |
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Natural | |
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Broad spectrum and fast acting nerve toxin. Mainly respiratory action but some contact and stomach activity. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blocker. | |
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Isolated from tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and from other plants including those belonging to the Lycopodiaceae, Grassulaceae & Leguminosae families | |
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Nicotine can be manufactured in two ways. It may be extracted from plant leaves or produced synthetically. Recent approaches include extraction from cigarette waste | |
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Crop protection | |
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Aphids; Thrips; Whiteflies | |
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Fruit; Vegetables; Grapes; Protected ornamentals | |
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- | |
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54-11-5 | |
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200-193-3 | |
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8 | |
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056702 | |
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- | |
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162.23 | |
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- | |
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(S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | |
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3-((2S)-1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine | |
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Chemical subject to PIC regulations; Subject to the provisions of the UK Poisons Act 1972 | |
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Not applicable | |
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Not applicable | |
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4B | |
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Not applicable | |
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Colourless liquid with brown tint |
Formulations |
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Nicotine 40% Shreds | Dow AgroSciences | ||||
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Often used as smoke generating formulations within glasshouses and potato chitting houses. Typically around 225g product per 560 cubic metres are used. |
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1000000 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
High | ||||||||
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Miscible | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Ethanol3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Miscible | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Diethyl ether3 = Unverified data of known source |
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-79 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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247 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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247 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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101 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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1.48 X 1001 | Calculated | - | |||||||
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1.17 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Low | ||||||||
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Insoluble | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
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Regulatory data based on LogP | A4 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 4 = Verified data |
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1.01 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources 3 = Unverified data of known source |
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3.1 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
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Nicotine is a base pKb1= 6.16; pKb2= 10.96 (CA3) | |||||||||||
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5620 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Highly volatile. If applied directly to plants or soil, drift is a concern & mitigation is advisable | ||||||||
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9.0 X 10-04 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) 5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Non-volatile | ||||||||
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Degradation |
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2 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Non-persistent | |||||||
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Best available data | ||||||||||
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11.6 | R4 R = Peer reviewed scientific publications 4 = Verified data |
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Published literature RL₅₀ range 3.5-28.0 days, 3 field crops, various matrices, n=3 | ||||||||||
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As this parameter is not normally measured directly, a surrogate measure is used: ‘Photochemical oxidative DT₅₀’. Where data is available, this can be found in the Fate Indices section below. | ||||||||||
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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- | V1 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) 1 = Estimated data with little or no verification |
Moderately mobile | |||||||
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100 | ||||||||||
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Estimated | ||||||||||
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Known soil metabolites |
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Minor fraction | - | - |
Known groundwater metabolites |
None
Other known metabolites |
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nicotinic acid | - | Plant | - |
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Terrestrial ecotoxicology |
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50 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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> 17.8 | V2 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Unknown species2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
High | ||||||||
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> 50 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources 2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Moderate | |||||||
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Harmful | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Parasitic wasp2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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Aquatic ecotoxicology |
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4.0 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Oncorhynchus mykiss5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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2.9 | Q2 Q = Miscellaneous data from online sources Oncorhynchus mykiss2 = Unverified data of unknown source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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> 8.11 | F3 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Danio rerio Eggs3 = Unverified data of known source |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.242 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia pulex5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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0.2 | A5 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Daphnia pulex5 = Verified data used for regulatory purposes |
Moderate | ||||||||
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General |
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High (class III) | - | - | ||||||||
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50 | F4 F = U.S. EPA ECOTOX database / U.S. EPA pesticide fate database / Miscellaneous WHO documents / FAO data, IPCS INCHEM data (US EPA Databases Related to Pesticide Risk Assessment ) Rat4 = Verified data |
High | ||||||||
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50.0 | L3 L = Pesticide manuals and hard copy reference books / other sources Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Subcutaneous LD₅₀ = 25 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Rat3 = Unverified data of known source |
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Intraperitoneal LD₅₀ = 5.9 mg kg⁻¹ | V3 V = ChemID Online Databases; Chemspider; PubChem. (ChemID ) Mouse3 = Unverified data of known source |
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0.0001 | A2 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Humans SF=10002 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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0.0001 | A2 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Humans SF=10002 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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0.001 | A2 A = EU regulatory and evaluation data as published by EC, EFSA (RAR, DAR & Conclusion dossiers), EMA (e.g. EU Annex III PIC DGD) (EU - Pesticides database; EFSA Scientific Publications ) Humans SF=10002 = Unverified data of unknown source |
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Bystanders may be exposed during glasshouse venting operations | |||||||||
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High risk of operator exposure via inhalation | ||||||||||
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Health issues |
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Highly toxic May cause cardiovasular diseases Some data suggests nicotine may be carcinogenic |
Handling issues |
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Not explosive or oxidising IMDG Transport Hazard Class 6.1 |
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Health: H300, H310, H330 Environment: H400 |
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Ib (Highly hazardous) | |||
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UN1654 | |||
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Packaging Group II (moderate danger) | |||
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nicotine | ||
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nicotine | ||
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Nikotin | ||
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nikotin | ||
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nicotina | ||
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nicotina | ||
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nikotyna | ||
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Record last updated: | 23/08/2024 |
Contact: | aeru@herts.ac.uk |
Please cite as: | Lewis, K.A., Tzilivakis, J., Warner, D. and Green, A. (2016) An international database for pesticide risk assessments and management. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22(4), 1050-1064. DOI: 10.1080/10807039.2015.1133242 |